Greek word · G3359
μέτωπον
metōpon
forehead
Forehead, the front of the head.
Appears 8 times in 8 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
μέτωπον, -ου, τό
(μετά + ὤψ, an eye), [in LXX for מֵצַח ;]
the forehead: Revelation 7:3 9:4 13:16 14:1, 9 17:5 20:4 22:4.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Revelation 14:1
- Range of meaning
Forehead, the front of the head.
- Against the English
Accurate. What modern readers miss is the cultural weight of a mark placed there.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exodus 28:38 (high priest's plate "on Aaron's forehead"); Ezekiel 9:4 LXX (ἐπὶ τὰ μέτωπα, "on the foreheads"); Revelation 7:3; 9:4; 13:16; 14:9; 17:5 (Babylon's name on her forehead); 20:4; 22:4. Ancient writers mention slaves and criminals being marked on the face or forehead.
From the study of Revelation 7:3
- Range of meaning
The forehead, the part of the face 'between the eyes and above them' (meta + ōps). It is the most public and visible part of the body.
- Against the English
No real drift. 'Forehead' is accurate. What modern readers miss is what a mark on the forehead meant socially.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Ezekiel 9:4 LXX (the protective mark on the foreheads). In the Greco-Roman world, runaway or criminal slaves could be tattooed on the forehead. Exodus 28:36–38 puts a gold plate reading 'Holy to the LORD' on the high priest's forehead. Deuteronomy 6:8 speaks of God's words 'between your eyes'. Within Revelation: 9:4; 13:16; 14:1, 9; 17:5; 20:4; 22:4.
From the study of Revelation 9:4
- Range of meaning
The forehead, literally 'the part between the eyes'. It is the most visible and public part of the body, so a mark there declares a person's identity to everyone.
- Against the English
'Forehead' is accurate. The KJV's 'in their foreheads' reflects older English usage, and the Greek says 'upon'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The high priest wore a gold plate on his forehead engraved 'Holy to YHWH' (Exod 28:36–38). Ezekiel's taw mark was placed on foreheads (Ezek 9:4). The command to bind God's words 'between your eyes' (Deut 6:8) became the custom of wearing tefillin (small scripture boxes). In Revelation the word appears only in passages about marks: 7:3; 9:4; 13:16; 14:1, 9; 17:5; 20:4; 22:4.
Where it appears
Revelation · 8
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Revelation 7:3 μετώπων foreheads
“Do not harm the land or sea or trees until we have placed a seal on the foreheads of the servants of our God.”
Here: The most visible spot on the body. Ownership marks went here, and it is where the beast's mark is later placed (13:16).
-
Revelation 9:4 μετώπων foreheads
They were told not to harm the grass of the earth or any plant or tree, but only those who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads.
Here: The forehead is the most visible place on a person. It is where Ezekiel's mark was put (Ezek 9:4), where the Lamb's and the Father's name appears (Rev 14:1; 22:4), and where the beast's mark goes (13:16).
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Revelation 13:16 μέτωπον forehead
And the second beast required all people, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their forehead,
Here: The most public place on the body. In Revelation it is exactly where God's servants are sealed and carry the Lamb's and the Father's name (7:3; 9:4; 14:1; 22:4). This mark is a deliberate counterpart to that seal.
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Revelation 14:1 μετώπων foreheads
Then I looked and saw the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with Him 144,000 who had His name and His Father’s name written on their foreheads.
Here: The forehead, where a slave's owner-mark, a devotee's sign or the high priest's gold plate would be seen. It answers the beast's mark "on the right hand or on the forehead" (13:16).
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Revelation 14:9 μετώπου forehead
And a third angel followed them, calling out in a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and its image and receives its mark on his forehead or on his hand,
Here: The most visible part of a person. Slaves were sometimes branded there, and God's servants are sealed there (7:3; 9:4; 14:1; 22:4). A mark there says publicly whose you are.
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Revelation 17:5 μέτωπον forehead
And on her forehead a mysterious name was written: BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF PROSTITUTES AND OF THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.
Here: In Revelation the forehead is where ownership and allegiance are displayed: God's seal and the Lamb's name on the faithful (7:3; 14:1; 22:4), the beast's mark on his followers (13:16; 14:9). The woman's forehead declares who and what she is.
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Revelation 20:4 μέτωπον forehead
Then I saw the thrones, and those seated on them had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony of Jesus and for the word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or its image and had not received its mark on their foreheads or hands. And they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.
Here: The visible place of identity. It echoes the Shema's sign 'between your eyes' (Deut 6:8) and the mark of Ezekiel 9:4.
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Revelation 22:4 μετώπων foreheads
They will see His face, and His name will be on their foreheads.
Here: The forehead is the most visible place on the body, where a mark of belonging is seen by everyone. In Revelation it is where both God's seal and the beast's mark are worn. It also recalls the gold plate inscribed 'Holy to the LORD' on the high priest's forehead.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.