Greek word · G5552
χρύσεος
chryseos
golden
Made of gold, golden; gold-plated.
Appears 18 times in 16 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
Χρύσεος, -εα, -εον (-οῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν; on accusative sing. fem., -ᾶν, Revelation 1:13 and genitive pl. uncontr., -εων, Revelation 2:1, LTr., see M, Pr., 48 and cf. Thackeray, Gr., x, 172 f.)
(χρυσός), [in LXX chiefly for זָהָב ;]
golden, i.e. made or overlaid with gold: 2 Timothy 2:20, Hebrews 9:4, Revelation 1:12-13, 20 2:1 4:4 5:8 8:3 9:13, 20 14:14 15:6-7 17:4 21:15.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Revelation 1:12
- Range of meaning
Made of gold, golden; gold-plated.
- Against the English
"Golden" or "gold" in all versions; accurate.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The sanctuary furnishings closest to God's presence were gold (Exod 25:11–39). In Revelation gold belongs to heavenly and holy things: the sash of the Son of Man (1:13), the altar (8:3), bowls (5:8; 15:7), and the city (21:18). Babylon's gold (17:4; 18:16) is the counterfeit.
From the study of Revelation 21:15
- Range of meaning
Made of gold, golden.
- Against the English
Straightforward. 'Golden' and 'of gold' both work.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In Revelation gold belongs to the holy and the royal: golden lampstands (1:12), golden bowls of incense (5:8), the golden altar (8:3), the golden crowns of the elders (4:4). In the Old Testament the tabernacle and temple furnishings in the holiest areas were overlaid with gold (Exod 25; 1 Kgs 6:20–22). The prostitute Babylon also has a golden cup (17:4), a counterfeit of this holiness.
Where it appears
2 Timothy · 1
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2 Timothy 2:20 χρυσᾶ golden
A large house contains not only vessels of gold and silver, but also of wood and clay. Some indeed are for honorable use, but others are for common use.
Here: Made of gold: the most costly tableware, kept for display and for honoured guests at banquets.
Hebrews · 2
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Hebrews 9:4 χρυσοῦν χρυσῆ [the] golden, golden
containing the golden altar of incense and the gold-covered ark of the covenant. Inside the ark were the gold jar of manna, Aaron’s staff that had budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant.
Here: Placed first for emphasis. The word tells the reader at once that this is the gold furniture belonging to the inner sanctuary, not the bronze altar outside.
Revelation · 15
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Revelation 1:12 χρυσᾶς golden
Then I turned to see the voice that was speaking with me. And having turned, I saw seven golden lampstands,
Here: "Golden." Gold was the metal of the holy furnishings inside the sanctuary (Exod 25:31). The lampstands are precious and set apart for God.
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Revelation 1:13 χρυσᾶν. golden.
and among the lampstands was One like the Son of Man, dressed in a long robe, with a golden sash around His chest.
Here: Golden: either made of gold or worked with gold thread. It matches the golden lampstands of verse 12 and the gold of the sanctuary, and in that world gold belts or clasps were also badges of royal favor and high rank.
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Revelation 1:20 χρυσᾶς· golden:
This is the mystery of the seven stars you saw in My right hand and of the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.
Here: Gold is the metal of the sanctuary furniture (Exod 25:31). It marks the lampstands as sacred, belonging to God's house.
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Revelation 2:1 χρυσῶν· golden;
“To the angel of the church in Ephesus write: These are the words of Him who holds the seven stars in His right hand and walks among the seven golden lampstands.
Here: Golden, the material of the sanctuary furniture. It marks the churches as precious and holy, objects that belong in God's presence.
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Revelation 4:4 χρυσοῦς. golden.
Surrounding the throne were twenty-four other thrones, and on these thrones sat twenty-four elders dressed in white, with golden crowns on their heads.
Here: Made of gold, not of leaves. A gold wreath was the most prestigious kind of honor in the Greek and Roman world. Gold also fits the splendor of the heavenly sanctuary (gold lampstands, altar, bowls).
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Revelation 5:8 χρυσᾶς golden
When He had taken the scroll, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harp, and they were holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints.
Here: Gold marks them as furnishings of the holiest place, like the gold vessels of the tabernacle's inner sanctuary.
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Revelation 8:3 χρυσοῦν. χρυσοῦν golden., golden
Then another angel, who had a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense to offer, along with the prayers of all the saints, on the golden altar before the throne.
Here: Gold marks the inner-sanctuary equipment, the things closest to God's presence (compare Exod 25–30; 1 Kgs 7:50). The Day of Atonement censer was remembered as golden (Heb 9:4; Mishnah Yoma 4:4).
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Revelation 9:13 χρυσοῦ golden
Then the sixth angel sounded his trumpet, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar before God
Here: Identifies the incense altar. In the tabernacle and temple, the gold-covered incense altar stood inside the sanctuary, while the bronze altar for burnt offerings stood outside in the courtyard.
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Revelation 9:20 χρυσᾶ golden
Now the rest of mankind who were not killed by these plagues still did not repent of the works of their hands. They did not stop worshiping demons and idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone, and wood, which cannot see or hear or walk.
Here: The most valuable material comes first. The order of the list follows Daniel 5:4, 23.
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Revelation 14:14 χρυσοῦν golden
And I looked and saw a white cloud, and seated on the cloud was One like the Son of Man, with a golden crown on His head and a sharp sickle in His hand.
Here: Made of gold, the highest form of the honor wreath, like the golden wreaths of the twenty-four elders (4:4).
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Revelation 15:6 χρυσᾶς. golden.
And out of the temple came the seven angels with the seven plagues, dressed in clean and bright linen and girded with golden sashes around their chests.
Here: Gold marks royal and heavenly splendor and recalls the gold woven into the high priest's garments. The same word describes the 'golden bowls' handed over in the next verse.
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Revelation 15:7 χρυσᾶς golden
Then one of the four living creatures gave the seven angels seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God, who lives forever and ever.
Here: Gold marks these as holy vessels from the sanctuary, like the golden altar, censer and lampstands elsewhere in Revelation and in Solomon's temple (1 Kings 7:50).
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Revelation 17:4 χρυσοῦν golden
The woman was dressed in purple and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls. She held in her hand a golden cup full of abominations and the impurities of her sexual immorality.
Here: 'Golden'. This echoes Jeremiah 51:7, where Babylon is a golden cup that made the nations drunk. Outside it is splendid; inside it is foul.
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Revelation 21:15 χρυσοῦν golden
The angel who spoke with me had a golden measuring rod to measure the city and its gates and walls.
Here: Made of gold. The form can go with either 'measure' or 'reed'; the sense is the same. Gold fits the city of pure gold (21:18) and the gold of the temple's holy furniture. Ezekiel's and John's earlier reeds were ordinary; this one belongs to the holy city.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.