Hebrew word · H1473

גּוֹלָה

golah

captivity

From the verb galah, "to uncover, to strip bare, to go away into exile." Golah can mean (1) the act or state of exile ("go into exile," Jer 48:11), or (2) as here, a collective: "the exiles," the deported community seen as one body.

Appears 43 times in 42 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) exiles, exile, captivity

1a) exiles (coll)

1b) exile, captivity (abstract)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Ezekiel 1:1

Range of meaning

From the verb galah, "to uncover, to strip bare, to go away into exile." Golah can mean (1) the act or state of exile ("go into exile," Jer 48:11), or (2) as here, a collective: "the exiles," the deported community seen as one body. In Ezekiel, Jeremiah 28–29 and Ezra–Nehemiah it almost becomes a proper name for a recognizable group: the Judeans deported to Babylonia.

Against the English

KJV and WEB "captives"; BSB, NIV and ESV "exiles"; YLT "the Removed." "Captives" suggests people in chains or prison. "Exiles" is closer. YLT's "the Removed" keeps the root idea of being taken away from the land.

How it drifted

In 1611 English, "captives" meant people taken by force in war, which fits. Today it suggests hostages, prisoners or people under guard. The Babylonian deportees lived in their own settlements, had elders (Ezek 8:1; 14:1), built houses and planted gardens (Jer 29:5).

Used elsewhere in the period

Ezek 3:11, 15 (Ezekiel is sent "to the golah" at Tel-abib); Jer 29:1, 4 (Jeremiah's letter "to the whole golah"); Ezra 1:11; 2:1. Cuneiform evidence backs up the picture. The Babylonian ration tablets from Nebuchadnezzar's palace list oil rations for "Ya'u-kinu, king of Yahudu" (Jehoiachin) and his sons. The Al-Yahudu tablets ("Judah-town," from 572 BC on) record Judean families in rural Babylonia renting land, paying taxes and naming their children with Yahweh names.

From the study of Ezekiel 11:24

Range of meaning

From the root galah, "to uncover, strip bare", and so "to go into exile", like land left empty of its people. Golah means (1) the state of exile and, very often, (2) the exiled people as a community: "the golah", the deportees. It is used especially for the Judeans taken to Babylon in 597 and 586 BC.

Against the English

BSB, ESV and NIV have "the exiles". KJV has "them of the captivity" and WEB "the captives". YLT's "the Removed" catches the root idea of being uprooted. NJPS's "the exile community" best catches the sense of a group.

How it drifted

"Captivity" and "captives" suggest prisoners in chains or cells. The 597 deportees were resettled in farming colonies in southern Mesopotamia. They had houses (Ezekiel's own house, 8:1), elders who met, and the ability to build, plant and marry (Jer 29:5–6). They were displaced and under foreign rule, but they were not jailed.

Used elsewhere in the period

In Ezekiel: 1:1 ("among the golah by the river Chebar"), 3:11, 15; 11:24–25; 12:3–4. In Jeremiah 24 and 29 the golah are the "good figs", in contrast to those left in Jerusalem. Ezra–Nehemiah later call the returned community "the children of the golah" (Ezra 4:1; 6:19–21). Babylonian records, such as the ration tablets naming Jehoiachin and the Al-Yahudu ("Judah-town") tablets, show Judean deportees living in their own settlements.

From the study of Jeremiah 29:31

Range of meaning

Exile, deportation; collectively, the community of deportees.

Against the English

BSB/WEB 'the exiles/captives' gets the collective sense; KJV 'them of the captivity' and YLT 'the removal' keep the abstract noun.

Used elsewhere in the period

Used in Jeremiah 28–29, Ezekiel, and Ezra–Nehemiah, where 'the gôlâ' becomes a name for the returned community and its identity. Babylonian cuneiform tablets from Āl-Yāhūdu ('Judah-town') near Nippur, from the 570s BC on, document Judean deportees settled in such communities.

Where it appears

2 Kings · 3
  1. 2 Kings 24:14 גּוֹלֶ֔ה exile[s]

    He carried into exile all Jerusalem—all the commanders and mighty men of valor, all the craftsmen and metalsmiths—ten thousand captives in all. Only the poorest people of the land remained.

    Here: Literally 'going into exile', from the same root as the opening verb. The verse begins and ends its count with the language of exile. The related noun gôlāh later becomes the standard name for the exiled community itself.

  2. 2 Kings 24:15 גּוֹלָ֥ה exile[s]

    Nebuchadnezzar carried away Jehoiachin to Babylon, as well as the king’s mother, his wives, his officials, and the leading men of the land. He took them into exile from Jerusalem to Babylon.

  3. 2 Kings 24:16 גּוֹלָ֖ה exile[s]

    The king of Babylon also brought into exile to Babylon all seven thousand men of valor and a thousand craftsmen and metalsmiths—all strong and fit for battle.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 5:22 הַגֹּלָֽה׃ פ the exile

    and many others fell slain, because the battle belonged to God. And they occupied the land until the exile.

Ezra · 12
  1. Ezra 1:11 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    In all, there were 5,400 gold and silver articles. Sheshbazzar brought all these along when the exiles went up from Babylon to Jerusalem.

  2. Ezra 2:1 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile

    Now these are the people of the province who came up from the captivity of the exiles carried away to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar its king. They returned to Jerusalem and Judah, each to his own town,

  3. Ezra 4:1 הַגּוֹלָה֙ the exile

    When the enemies of Judah and Benjamin heard that the exiles were building a temple for the LORD, the God of Israel,

  4. Ezra 6:19 הַגּוֹלָ֖ה the exile

    On the fourteenth day of the first month, the exiles kept the Passover.

  5. Ezra 6:20 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile

    All the priests and Levites had purified themselves and were ceremonially clean. And the Levites slaughtered the Passover lamb for all the exiles, for their priestly brothers, and for themselves.

  6. Ezra 6:21 מֵֽהַגּוֹלָ֔ה from the exile

    The Israelites who had returned from exile ate it, together with all who had separated themselves from the uncleanness of the peoples of the land to seek the LORD, the God of Israel.

    Here: Golah means the deportation and also the deported people as a body. In Ezra, 'the sons of the golah' (4:1; 6:19–20) is the community's name for itself.

  7. Ezra 8:35 הַגּוֹלָ֜ה the exile

    Then the exiles who had returned from captivity sacrificed burnt offerings to the God of Israel: 12 bulls for all Israel, 96 rams, 77 lambs, and a sin offering of 12 male goats. All this was a burnt offering to the LORD.

  8. Ezra 9:4 הַגּוֹלָ֑ה the exile[s]

    Then everyone who trembled at the words of the God of Israel gathered around me because of the unfaithfulness of the exiles, while I sat there in horror until the evening offering.

    Here: 'The Golah': the returnees' own name for their community, the people who went through Babylonian exile and came back. The shock is that the offense came from inside the very group that saw itself as the purified remnant.

  9. Ezra 10:6 הַגּוֹלָֽה׃ ס the exile[s]

    Then Ezra withdrew from before the house of God and walked to the chamber of Jehohanan son of Eliashib. And while he stayed there, he ate no food and drank no water, because he was mourning over the unfaithfulness of the exiles.

  10. Ezra 10:7 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile

    And a proclamation was issued throughout Judah and Jerusalem that all the exiles should gather at Jerusalem.

  11. Ezra 10:8 הַגּוֹלָֽה׃ ס the exile[s]

    Whoever failed to appear within three days would forfeit all his property, according to the counsel of the leaders and elders, and would himself be expelled from the assembly of the exiles.

  12. Ezra 10:16 הַגּוֹלָה֒ the exile

    So the exiles did as proposed. Ezra the priest selected men who were family heads, each of them identified by name, to represent their families. On the first day of the tenth month they launched the investigation,

Nehemiah · 1
  1. Nehemiah 7:6 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    These are the people of the province who came up from the captivity of the exiles carried away to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar its king. They returned to Jerusalem and Judah, each to his own town,

    Here: 'The exile' in the sense of the exiled community, the deportees as a body. In Ezra–Nehemiah the golah becomes almost a title for the true community of Israel restored from Babylon.

Esther · 1
  1. Esther 2:6 הַגֹּלָה֙ the exile[s]

    He had been carried into exile from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon among those taken captive with Jeconiah king of Judah.

Jeremiah · 10
  1. Jeremiah 28:6 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    “Amen!” Jeremiah said. “May the LORD do so! May the LORD fulfill the words you have prophesied, and may He restore the articles of His house and all the exiles back to this place from Babylon.

    Here: Literally “the exile” or “the deportation,” used for the people themselves: the group taken to Babylon with King Jehoiachin in 597 BC.

  2. Jeremiah 29:1 הַגּוֹלָ֗ה the exile[s]

    This is the text of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet sent from Jerusalem to the surviving elders among the exiles and to the priests, the prophets, and all the others Nebuchadnezzar had carried into exile from Jerusalem to Babylon.

  3. Jeremiah 29:4 הַ֨גּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    This is what the LORD of Hosts, the God of Israel, says to all the exiles who were carried away from Jerusalem to Babylon:

  4. Jeremiah 29:16 בַּגּוֹלָֽה׃ in the exile

    this is what the LORD says about the king who sits on David’s throne and all the people who remain in this city, your brothers who did not go with you into exile—

  5. Jeremiah 29:20 הַ֨גּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    So hear the word of the LORD, all you exiles I have sent away from Jerusalem to Babylon.

  6. Jeremiah 29:31 הַגּוֹלָה֙ the exile[s]

    “Send a message telling all the exiles what the LORD says concerning Shemaiah the Nehelamite. Because Shemaiah has prophesied to you—though I did not send him—and has made you trust in a lie,

    Here: A collective noun: 'the exile' as a community — the Judeans deported to Babylon in 597 BC with King Jehoiachin.

  7. Jeremiah 46:19 גוֹלָה֙ exile

    Pack your bags for exile, O daughter dwelling in Egypt! For Memphis will be laid waste, destroyed and uninhabited.

  8. Jeremiah 48:7 בַּגּוֹלָ֔ה in <the> exile

    Because you trust in your works and treasures, you too will be captured, and Chemosh will go into exile with his priests and officials.

    Here: 'Into the exile': forced deportation from one's land. In Jeremiah's day this was the defining fate of Judah's own people.

  9. Jeremiah 48:11 וּבַגּוֹלָ֖ה and in <the> exile

    Moab has been at ease from youth, settled like wine on its dregs; he has not been poured from vessel to vessel or gone into exile. So his flavor has remained the same, and his aroma is unchanged.

    Here: 'And into the exile': being deported from one's own land. This is where the wine picture opens up. Being poured from jar to jar stands for a people being uprooted and carried off.

  10. Jeremiah 49:3 בַּגּוֹלָ֣ה in <the> exile

    Wail, O Heshbon, for Ai has been destroyed; cry out, O daughters of Rabbah! Put on sackcloth and mourn; run back and forth within your walls, for Milcom will go into exile together with his priests and officials.

    Here: 'Into exile': forced removal from the homeland. For a god, this meant his cult statue being carried off as war plunder.

Ezekiel · 11
  1. Ezekiel 1:1 הַגּוֹלָ֖ה the exile[s]

    In the thirtieth year, on the fifth day of the fourth month, while I was among the exiles by the River Kebar, the heavens opened and I saw visions of God.

    Here: "The exile" as a group: the community of Judeans deported to Babylonia. Here it means the people of King Jehoiachin's deportation of 597 BC.

  2. Ezekiel 3:11 הַגּוֹלָה֙ the exile[s]

    Go to your people, the exiles; speak to them and tell them, ‘This is what the Lord GOD says,’ whether they listen or refuse to listen.”

  3. Ezekiel 3:15 הַגּוֹלָ֜ה the exile[s]

    I came to the exiles at Tel-abib who dwelt by the River Kebar. And for seven days I sat where they sat and remained there among them, overwhelmed.

  4. Ezekiel 11:24 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    And the Spirit lifted me up and carried me back to Chaldea, to the exiles in the vision given by the Spirit of God. After the vision had gone up from me,

    Here: "The exile community." This is the group of Judeans deported to Babylonia in 597 BC, Ezekiel among them. They are the same people the Jerusalemites had just written off as "far from the LORD" (11:15).

  5. Ezekiel 11:25 הַגּוֹלָ֑ה the exile[s]

    I told the exiles everything the LORD had shown me.

  6. Ezekiel 12:3 גוֹלָ֔ה exile

    Therefore, son of man, pack your bags for exile. In broad daylight, set out from your place and go to another as they watch. Perhaps they will understand, though they are a rebellious house.

    Here: 'Exile gear': the bundle of a person being deported. The same word was the name of Ezekiel's own community, 'the golah', the people already deported (3:11, 15).

  7. Ezekiel 12:4 גוֹלָ֛ה גּוֹלָֽה׃ exile

    Bring out your baggage for exile by day, as they watch. Then in the evening, as they watch, go out like those who go into exile.

  8. Ezekiel 12:7 גוֹלָה֙ exile

    So I did as I was commanded. I brought out my bags for exile by day, and in the evening I dug through the wall by hand. I took my belongings out at dusk, carrying them on my shoulder as they watched.

  9. Ezekiel 12:11 בַּגּוֹלָ֥ה in <the> exile

    You are to say, ‘I am a sign to you.’ Just as it happened here, so will it be done to them; they will go into exile as captives.

  10. Ezekiel 25:3 בַּגּוֹלָֽה׃ in <the> exile

    Tell the Ammonites to hear the word of the Lord GOD, for this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Because you exclaimed, “Aha!” when My sanctuary was profaned, when the land of Israel was laid waste, and when the house of Judah went into exile,

    Here: 'The golah' is both the deportation and the community of deportees. Ezekiel himself and his first hearers in Babylon were that golah.

Amos · 1
  1. Amos 1:15 בַּגּוֹלָ֑ה in <the> exile

    Their king will go into exile—he and his princes together,” says the LORD.

    Here: 'Into the exile.' This means being taken off the land as a group, the mass deportation that ancient empires inflicted on defeated nations. It is not imprisonment in a cell.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 3:10 לַגֹּלָה֙ to <the> exile

    Yet she became an exile; she went into captivity. Her infants were dashed to pieces at the head of every street. They cast lots for her dignitaries, and all her nobles were bound in chains.

    Here: "Into exile": the people were forcibly carried off. The article ("the exile") gives it the feel of a known, defined fate, the deportation that conquerors carried out.

Zechariah · 2
  1. Zechariah 6:10 הַגּוֹלָ֔ה the exile[s]

    “Take an offering from the exiles—from Heldai, Tobijah, and Jedaiah, who have arrived from Babylon—and go that same day to the house of Josiah son of Zephaniah.

  2. Zechariah 14:2 בַּגּוֹלָ֔ה in <the> exile

    For I will gather all the nations for battle against Jerusalem, and the city will be captured, the houses looted, and the women ravished. Half of the city will go into exile, but the rest of the people will not be removed from the city.

    Here: Into deportation. After 586 BC this word was the name for the exiled community itself ('the golah'), so it carried the full weight of the Babylonian experience.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.