Hebrew word · H2132

זַ֫יִת

zayit

olive

The olive tree, or the olive fruit. Together with grain and new wine, olive oil formed the core triad of Israel's agricultural wealth.

Appears 38 times in 36 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) olive, olive tree

1a) olive tree

1b) olives

2) mountain facing Jerusalem on the east side

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Hosea 14:6

Range of meaning

The olive tree, or the olive fruit. Together with grain and new wine, olive oil formed the core triad of Israel's agricultural wealth.

Against the English

Translations agree on 'olive (tree)'. What a modern reader lacks is the tree's cultural weight, not a better word.

Used elsewhere in the period

Jer 11:16: 'A green olive tree, beautiful with goodly fruit, the LORD called your name.' Ps 52:8: 'like a green olive tree in the house of God'. Ps 128:3: children 'like olive shoots'. Judg 9:9: the olive's oil 'by which gods and men are honored'. Deut 8:8 lists it among the gifts of the land.

From the study of Jeremiah 11:16

Range of meaning

Zayit is the olive tree and its fruit. Raʿănān means leafy, thick with foliage, flourishing, full of sap. It is used of trees and, by extension, of people who thrive (Ps 92:14, 'full of sap and green').

Against the English

KJV and WEB 'green', NASB 'green', BSB 'flourishing', NIV 'thriving'. 'Green' is not wrong, but today it sounds like a colour or like 'unripe'. The Hebrew points to health and fullness of life.

How it drifted

Older English 'green' meant alive and growing, as in 'green wood' (Luke 23:31 KJV). That sense has faded.

Used elsewhere in the period

The exact phrase zayit raʿănān appears in Psalm 52:8 (Hebrew 52:10): 'I am like a flourishing olive tree in the house of God'. There it pictures the faithful person rooted near God's presence. See also Hosea 14:6 ('his splendour like the olive') and Psalm 128:3 (children 'like olive shoots'). Raʿănān is mostly used in the phrase 'under every leafy tree' for hilltop shrines to other gods (Deut 12:2; 1 Kgs 14:23; Jer 2:20; 3:6, 13; 17:2).

From the study of Psalm 52:8

Range of meaning

Zayit is the olive tree, its fruit or its oil. Ra'anan describes vegetation that is leafy, full of sap and vigorous: fresh, flourishing, thriving. It is used mostly of trees and once of oil ('fresh oil', Ps 92:10).

Against the English

KJV, WEB, YLT and ESV say 'green olive tree'. BSB and NIV say 'flourishing', NLT 'thriving'. 'Green' is an old literal rendering. In modern English 'green' can suggest unripe or inexperienced, but the Hebrew means vigorous and full of life.

How it drifted

Older English used 'green' for 'living, fresh, in leaf' (as in 'green wood'). Modern English has added 'immature' and 'naive' as meanings of 'green'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ra'anan is used most often in the stock phrase 'under every leafy tree' (Deut 12:2; 1 Kgs 14:23; Jer 2:20), which names the shady hilltop groves where illegitimate worship took place. Jer 11:16 calls Israel 'a leafy olive tree, beautiful with goodly fruit' (zayit ra'anan, the same phrase), and Hos 14:6 compares restored Israel's beauty to the olive's. Ps 92:12–14 pictures the righteous 'planted in the house of the LORD', flourishing and still fruitful in old age, and Ps 128:3 compares children to olive shoots. The Septuagint renders the phrase 'fruitful olive' (elaia katakarpos).

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 8:11 זַ֖יִת olive

    And behold, the dove returned to him in the evening with a freshly plucked olive leaf in her beak. So Noah knew that the waters had receded from the earth.

Exodus · 3
  1. Exodus 23:11 לְזֵיתֶֽךָ׃ to olive grove your

    but in the seventh year you must let it rest and lie fallow, so that the poor among your people may eat from the field and the wild animals may consume what they leave. Do the same with your vineyard and olive grove.

  2. Exodus 27:20 זַ֥יִת olive

    And you are to command the Israelites to bring you pure oil of pressed olives for the light, to keep the lamps burning continually.

    Here: 'Olive.' It says the oil must be real olive oil, the main crop of the land, and not some other fat or oil.

  3. Exodus 30:24 זַ֖יִת olive

    500 shekels of cassia—all according to the sanctuary shekel—and a hin of olive oil.

Leviticus · 1
  1. Leviticus 24:2 זַ֥יִת olive[s]

    “Command the Israelites to bring you pure oil of pressed olives for the light, to keep the lamps burning continually.

    Here: Specifies olive oil, the staple oil of the Levant, rather than oil from any other source.

Deuteronomy · 5
  1. Deuteronomy 6:11 וְזֵיתִ֖ים and olive trees

    with houses full of every good thing with which you did not fill them, with wells that you did not dig, and with vineyards and olive groves that you did not plant—and when you eat and are satisfied,

    Here: Olive trees or groves, the source of oil for food, lamps and anointing. A grown olive grove is the work of a generation or more. Wine and oil together are a standard way of saying 'the land's wealth'.

  2. Deuteronomy 8:8 זֵ֥ית olive tree of

    a land of wheat, barley, vines, fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of olive oil and honey;

  3. Deuteronomy 24:20 זֵֽיתְךָ֔ olive tree your

    When you beat the olives from your trees, you must not go over the branches again. What remains will be for the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow.

  4. Deuteronomy 28:40 זֵיתִ֛ים זֵיתֶֽךָ׃ olive trees, olive[s] your

    You will have olive trees throughout your territory but will never anoint yourself with oil, because the olives will drop off.

Joshua · 1
  1. Joshua 24:13 וְזֵיתִים֙ and olive trees

    So I gave you a land on which you did not toil and cities that you did not build, and now you live in them and eat from vineyards and olive groves that you did not plant.’

    Here: Olive trees or groves, which take many years to reach full yield. Together with vineyards they make the standard pair for a mature, productive farm.

Judges · 3
  1. Judges 9:8 לַזַּ֖יִת to the olive tree

    One day the trees set out to anoint a king for themselves. They said to the olive tree, ‘Reign over us.’

  2. Judges 9:9 הַזַּ֔יִת the olive tree

    But the olive tree replied, ‘Should I stop giving my oil that honors both God and man, to hold sway over the trees?’

  3. Judges 15:5 זָֽיִת׃ olive tree[s]

    Then he lit the torches and released the foxes into the standing grain of the Philistines, burning up the piles of grain and the standing grain, as well as the vineyards and olive groves.

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 8:14 וְזֵיתֵיכֶ֛ם and olive groves your

    He will take the best of your fields and vineyards and olive groves and give them to his servants.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 15:30 הַזֵּיתִ֜ים the olive trees

    But David continued up the Mount of Olives, weeping as he went up. His head was covered, and he was walking barefoot. And all the people with him covered their heads and went up, weeping as they went.

    Here: 'The olives': the hill named for its olive groves. 'The ascent of the olives' is the earliest biblical mention of what later texts call the Mount of Olives (Zech 14:4).

2 Kings · 2
  1. 2 Kings 5:26 וְזֵיתִ֤ים and olive trees

    But Elisha questioned him, “Did not my spirit go with you when the man got down from his chariot to meet you? Is this the time to accept money and clothing, olive groves and vineyards, sheep and oxen, menservants and maidservants?

    Here: From here on the list goes beyond what Gehazi took. These are what he meant to buy with the silver: olive groves, the base of a landed estate.

  2. 2 Kings 18:32 זֵ֤ית olive tree of

    until I come and take you away to a land like your own—a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards, a land of olive trees and honey—so that you may live and not die. But do not listen to Hezekiah, for he misleads you when he says, ‘The LORD will deliver us.’

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 27:28 הַזֵּיתִ֤ים the olive trees

    Baal-hanan the Gederite was in charge of the olive and sycamore trees in the foothills. Joash was in charge of the stores of olive oil.

Nehemiah · 3
  1. Nehemiah 5:11 זֵיתֵיהֶ֖ם olive trees their

    Please restore to them immediately their fields, vineyards, olive groves, and houses, along with the percentage of the money, grain, new wine, and oil that you have been assessing them.”

  2. Nehemiah 8:15 זַ֙יִת֙ olive

    and that they should proclaim this message and spread it throughout their towns and in Jerusalem, saying, “Go out to the hill country and bring back branches of olive, wild olive, myrtle, palm, and other leafy trees, to make booths, as it is written.”

  3. Nehemiah 9:25 וְזֵיתִ֛ים and olive trees

    They captured fortified cities and fertile land and took houses full of all goods, wells already dug, vineyards, olive groves, and fruit trees in abundance. So they ate and were filled; they grew fat and delighted in Your great goodness.

    Here: "And olive trees": olives take even longer to mature. Grain, wine and oil were the three staples of the land's wealth.

Job · 1
  1. Job 15:33 כַּ֝זַּ֗יִת like <the> olive tree

    He will be like a vine stripped of its unripe grapes, like an olive tree that sheds its blossoms.

Psalms · 2
  1. Psalm 52:8 כְּזַ֣יִת [am] like an olive tree

    But I am like an olive tree flourishing in the house of God; I trust in the loving devotion of God forever and ever.

    Here: The olive was Israel's long-lived, evergreen, oil-bearing tree. It stood for lasting life, prosperity and blessing. The speaker pictures himself as rooted and productive, not cut down.

  2. Psalm 128:3 זֵיתִ֑ים olive trees

    Your wife will be like a fruitful vine flourishing within your house, your sons like olive shoots sitting around your table.

    Here: "Of olive trees." The olive is evergreen, lives for centuries and produces oil for food, light and anointing. Its young shoots promise that the family will last over generations.

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 17:6 זַ֔יִת an olive tree

    Yet gleanings will remain, like an olive tree that has been beaten—two or three berries atop the tree, four or five on its fruitful branches,” declares the LORD, the God of Israel.

  2. Isaiah 24:13 זַ֔יִת an olive tree

    So will it be on the earth and among the nations, like a harvested olive tree, like a gleaning after a grape harvest.

    Here: The olive tree was one of the most valuable crops in the land, for food, light and anointing. Seeing it stripped bare was a picture of losing what life depended on.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 11:16 זַ֤יִת an olive tree

    The LORD once called you a flourishing olive tree, beautiful with well-formed fruit. But with a mighty roar He will set it on fire, and its branches will be consumed.

    Here: The olive tree, the most valuable and longest-lived tree in Israel's farming. It comes first in the sentence and works as the name God gave Judah: 'Olive-Tree'.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 14:6 כַזַּ֖יִת like <the> olive tree

    His shoots will sprout, and his splendor will be like the olive tree, his fragrance like the cedars of Lebanon.

    Here: 'Like the olive'. The olive was Israel's most valuable tree: evergreen, long-lived, hard to kill, and the source of oil for food, light, medicine and anointing.

Amos · 1
  1. Amos 4:9 וְזֵיתֵיכֶ֖ם and olive trees your

    “I struck you with blight and mildew in your growing gardens and vineyards; the locust devoured your fig and olive trees, yet you did not return to Me,” declares the LORD.

    Here: Olives supplied oil for food, light and trade. The trees take many years to bear, so losing them is a long-term economic blow.

Micah · 1
  1. Micah 6:15 זַ֙יִת֙ olive[s]

    You will sow but not reap; you will press olives but not anoint yourselves with oil; you will tread grapes but not drink the wine.

    Here: A singular noun used for the crop as a whole: 'olive' meaning the olive harvest. Olives were picked and pressed in the autumn.

Habakkuk · 1
  1. Habakkuk 3:17 זַ֔יִת [the] olive tree

    Though the fig tree does not bud and no fruit is on the vines, though the olive crop fails and the fields produce no food, though the sheep are cut off from the fold and no cattle are in the stalls,

    Here: The olive tree. Its oil was used for food, lamps, medicine, anointing and trade, and a tree took years to come into full bearing.

Haggai · 1
  1. Haggai 2:19 הַזַּ֖יִת the olive

    Is there still seed in the barn? The vine, the fig, the pomegranate, and the olive tree have not yet yielded fruit. But from this day on, I will bless you.”

    Here: The olive, source of oil for food, lamps, medicine and anointing. Together with grain and wine it formed the land's core produce.

Zechariah · 5
  1. Zechariah 4:3 זֵיתִ֖ים olive trees

    There are also two olive trees beside it, one on the right side of the bowl and the other on its left.”

  2. Zechariah 4:11 הַזֵּיתִים֙ the olive trees

    Then I asked the angel, “What are the two olive trees on the right and left of the lampstand?”

  3. Zechariah 4:12 הַזֵּיתִ֗ים the olive trees

    And I questioned him further, “What are the two olive branches beside the two gold pipes from which the golden oil pours?”

  4. Zechariah 14:4 הַזֵּתִ֜ים הַזֵּיתִ֤ים <the> Olives

    On that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, east of Jerusalem, and the Mount of Olives will be split in two from east to west, forming a great valley, with half the mountain moving to the north and half to the south.

    Here: "The olives." This is the only place in the Hebrew Bible where the hill is called by this full name. It was named for the olive groves on its slopes. The spelling here is short; the second time it appears in the verse it is spelled in full.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.