Hebrew word · H3157

יִזְרְעֶאל

yizre'el

Jezreel

"God sows" (from zara', "sow", + 'el, "God"). It is used for the great northern valley and royal city of Jezreel (Ahab, Jehu), for the child Jezreel in Hosea 1:4, and for a small town in Judah's hill country (Josh 15:56; David's wife Ahinoam came from there, 1 Sam 25:43).

Appears 36 times in 32 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

Jezreel = "God sows"

a city in Issachar on the northwest spur of Mount Gilboa

Also named: yiz.re.e.li (יִזְרְעֵאלִי "Jezreelite" H3158H)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of 1 Chronicles 4:3

Range of meaning

"God sows" (from zara', "sow", + 'el, "God"). It is used for the great northern valley and royal city of Jezreel (Ahab, Jehu), for the child Jezreel in Hosea 1:4, and for a small town in Judah's hill country (Josh 15:56; David's wife Ahinoam came from there, 1 Sam 25:43).

Against the English

Most readers know only the northern Jezreel, with its associations of Ahab, Jezebel and Jehu's bloodshed.

Used elsewhere in the period

Josh 15:56 lists the Judahite Jezreel with Jokdeam and Zanoah. 1 Sam 25:43 and 27:3 call Ahinoam "the Jezreelitess", from the southern town.

From the study of 1 Kings 18:46

Range of meaning

The name means 'God sows' or 'May God sow'. It is both the town and the broad, fertile valley to its west. The valley is the main east–west corridor of northern Israel, drained by the Kishon wadi.

Against the English

The English versions all transliterate it, so the meaning of the name disappears. That is unavoidable and does not mislead.

Used elsewhere in the period

Excavations at Tel Jezreel (Ussishkin and Woodhead, 1990s) uncovered a large walled royal enclosure from the 9th century BC, from Ahab's dynasty, which fits the town's role in Kings (1 Kgs 21; 2 Kgs 9–10). Hosea plays on the name 'God sows' with ideas of judgment and fertility (Hos 1:4–5; 2:22–23).

From the study of 1 Samuel 25:43

Range of meaning

'God sows.' The name of two places: (1) a town in the hill country of Judah near Maon, Carmel and Ziph (Josh 15:55–56); (2) the northern city and valley in Issachar, later the royal seat of Ahab (1 Kgs 18:45; 21:1).

Against the English

English versions just say 'Jezreel.' Most readers know only the northern Jezreel from the stories of Ahab, Jezebel and Jehu, and may picture a bride from the far north.

Used elsewhere in the period

Josh 15:56 lists the Judahite Jezreel in the same group of towns as Maon and Carmel, the setting of 1 Sam 25. Ahinoam is later called 'the Jezreelitess,' paired with 'Abigail the Carmelite' (1 Sam 27:3; 30:5; 2 Sam 2:2).

Where it appears

Joshua · 3
  1. Joshua 15:56 וְיִזְרְעֶ֥אל and Jezreel

    Jezreel, Jokdeam, Zanoah,

  2. Joshua 17:16 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ Jezreel

    “The hill country is not enough for us,” they replied, “and all the Canaanites who live in the valley have iron chariots, both in Beth-shean with its towns and in the Valley of Jezreel.”

  3. Joshua 19:18 יִזְרְעֶ֥אלָה Jezreel towards

    Their territory included Jezreel, Chesulloth, Shunem,

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 6:33 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ Jezreel

    Then all the Midianites, Amalekites, and other people of the east gathered together, crossed over the Jordan, and camped in the Valley of Jezreel.

1 Samuel · 3
  1. 1 Samuel 25:43 מִֽיִּזְרְעֶ֑אל from Jezreel

    David had also married Ahinoam of Jezreel. So she and Abigail were both his wives.

    Here: 'From Jezreel' tells where she came from. Almost certainly this is the small town of Jezreel in the hill country of Judah, listed alongside Maon and Carmel (Josh 15:55–56), the same district as Abigail's home. It is not the better-known Jezreel valley in the north.

  2. 1 Samuel 29:1 בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ [is] in Jezreel

    Now the Philistines brought all their forces together at Aphek, while Israel camped by the spring in Jezreel.

  3. 1 Samuel 29:11 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ ס Jezreel

    So David and his men got up early in the morning to return to the land of the Philistines. And the Philistines went up to Jezreel.

2 Samuel · 2
  1. 2 Samuel 2:9 יִזְרְעֶ֑אל Jezreel

    and made him king over Gilead, Asher, Jezreel, Ephraim, and Benjamin—over all Israel.

  2. 2 Samuel 4:4 מִֽיִּזְרְעֶ֗אל from Jezreel

    And Jonathan son of Saul had a son who was lame in his feet. He was five years old when the report about Saul and Jonathan came from Jezreel. His nurse picked him up and fled, but as she was hurrying to escape, he fell and became lame. His name was Mephibosheth.

1 Kings · 5
  1. 1 Kings 4:12 לְיִזְרְעֶ֗אל to Jezreel

    Baana son of Ahilud in Taanach, in Megiddo, and in all of Beth-shean next to Zarethan below Jezreel, from Beth-shean to Abel-meholah and on past Jokmeam;

  2. 1 Kings 18:45 יִזְרְעֶֽאלָה׃ Jezreel towards

    Meanwhile, the sky grew dark with clouds and wind, and a heavy rain began to fall. So Ahab rode away and went to Jezreel.

  3. 1 Kings 18:46 יִזְרְעֶֽאלָה׃ Jezreel towards

    And the hand of the LORD came upon Elijah, and he tucked his cloak into his belt and ran ahead of Ahab all the way to Jezreel.

    Here: Jezreel ('God sows') with an ending that means 'toward'. It was a royal town of Ahab's dynasty in the eastern Jezreel Valley, about 25–30 km (15–18 miles) from Carmel, and the place where Jezebel was waiting (19:1–2).

  4. 1 Kings 21:1 בְּיִזְרְעֶ֑אל [was] in Jezreel

    Some time after these events, Naboth the Jezreelite owned a vineyard in Jezreel next to the palace of Ahab king of Samaria.

  5. 1 Kings 21:23 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ Jezreel

    And the LORD also speaks concerning Jezebel: ‘The dogs will devour Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel.’

2 Kings · 14
  1. 2 Kings 8:29 בְיִזְרְעֶ֗אל בְּיִזְרְעֶ֖אל in Jezreel

    So King Joram returned to Jezreel to recover from the wounds that the Arameans had inflicted on him at Ramah when he fought against Hazael king of Aram. Then Ahaziah son of Jehoram king of Judah went down to Jezreel to visit Joram son of Ahab, because Joram had been wounded.

  2. 2 Kings 9:10 יִזְרְעֶ֖אל Jezreel

    And on the plot of ground at Jezreel the dogs will devour Jezebel, and there will be no one to bury her.’” Then the young prophet opened the door and ran.

  3. 2 Kings 9:15 בִיְזְרְעֶ֗אל בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ in Jezreel

    but King Joram had returned to Jezreel to recover from the wounds he had suffered at the hands of the Arameans in the battle against Hazael their king.) So Jehu said, “If you commanders wish to make me king, then do not let anyone escape from the city to go and tell it in Jezreel.”

  4. 2 Kings 9:16 יִזְרְעֶ֔אלָה Jezreel towards

    Then Jehu got into his chariot and went to Jezreel, because Joram was laid up there. And Ahaziah king of Judah had gone down to see him.

  5. 2 Kings 9:17 בְּיִזְרְעֶ֗אל in Jezreel

    Now the watchman standing on the tower in Jezreel saw Jehu’s troops approaching, and he called out, “I see a company of troops!” “Choose a rider,” Joram commanded. “Send him out to meet them and ask, ‘Have you come in peace?’”

    Here: The royal fortress-town of Ahab's dynasty in the Jezreel Valley. The place itself carries weight in the story: Naboth was murdered here for his vineyard (1 Kings 21).

  6. 2 Kings 9:30 יִזְרְעֶ֑אלָה Jezreel towards

    Now when Jehu arrived in Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it. So she painted her eyes, adorned her head, and looked down from a window.

    Here: "To Jezreel." The ending -ah marks direction. Jezreel was the Omride royal residence in the fertile valley, the town where Naboth's vineyard had been taken (1 Kings 21) and where Elijah said dogs would eat Jezebel (1 Kings 21:23).

  7. 2 Kings 9:36 יִזְרְעֶ֔אל Jezreel

    So they went back and told Jehu, who replied, “This is the word of the LORD, which He spoke through His servant Elijah the Tishbite: ‘On the plot of ground at Jezreel the dogs will devour the flesh of Jezebel.

  8. 2 Kings 9:37 יִזְרְעֶ֑אל Jezreel

    And Jezebel’s body will lie like dung in the field on the plot of ground at Jezreel, so that no one can say: This is Jezebel.’”

  9. 2 Kings 10:1 יִזְרְעֶאל֙ Jezreel

    Now Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria. So Jehu wrote letters and sent them to Samaria to the officials of Jezreel, to the elders, and to the guardians of the sons of Ahab, saying:

  10. 2 Kings 10:6 יִזְרְעֶ֑אלָה Jezreel towards

    Then Jehu wrote them a second letter and said: “If you are on my side, and if you will obey me, then bring the heads of your master’s sons to me at Jezreel by this time tomorrow.” Now the sons of the king, seventy in all, were being brought up by the leading men of the city.

  11. 2 Kings 10:7 יִזְרְעֶֽאלָה׃ Jezreel towards

    And when the letter arrived, they took the sons of the king and slaughtered all seventy of them. They put their heads in baskets and sent them to Jehu at Jezreel.

  12. 2 Kings 10:11 בְּיִזְרְעֶ֔אל in Jezreel

    So Jehu killed everyone in Jezreel who remained of the house of Ahab, as well as all his great men and close friends and priests, leaving him without a single survivor.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 4:3 יִזְרְעֶ֥אל Jezreel

    These were the sons of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma, and Idbash. And their sister was named Hazzelelponi.

    Here: "God sows". Probably both a clan name and the Judahite village of Jezreel in the southern hill country (Josh 15:56). It is not the famous northern valley and city.

2 Chronicles · 2
  1. 2 Chronicles 22:6 בְיִזְרְעֶ֗אל בְּיִזְרְעֶ֖אל in Jezreel

    So he returned to Jezreel to recover from the wounds they had inflicted on him at Ramah when he fought against Hazael king of Aram. Then Ahaziah son of Jehoram king of Judah went down to Jezreel to visit Joram son of Ahab, because Joram had been wounded.

Hosea · 5
  1. Hosea 1:4 יִזְרְעֶ֑אל יִזְרְעֶאל֙ Jezreel

    Then the LORD said to Hosea, “Name him Jezreel, for soon I will bring the bloodshed of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and I will put an end to the kingdom of Israel.

    Here: The child's name. It means 'God sows', but by Hosea's day it was first of all the name of the town and valley where Jehu's massacre happened. It also sounds almost like Yisra'el, 'Israel'.

  2. Hosea 1:5 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ Jezreel

    And on that day I will break the bow of Israel in the Valley of Jezreel.”

  3. Hosea 1:11 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ Jezreel

    Then the people of Judah and of Israel will be gathered together, and they will appoint for themselves one leader, and will go up out of the land. For great will be the day of Jezreel.

    Here: The name means 'God sows.' It is Hosea's first son, a royal town, and the valley where Jehu shed blood (1:4–5). The name that stood for slaughter and defeat now stands for God sowing his people again.

  4. Hosea 2:22 יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃ Jezreel

    And the earth will respond to the grain, to the new wine and oil, and they will respond to Jezreel.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.