Hebrew word · H3905

לָחַץ

lachatz

to oppress

To press, squeeze or crowd physically (Num 22:25; 2 Kgs 6:32, holding a door shut against someone). Figuratively, to oppress or hem in. The noun laḥaṣ means oppression or affliction, as in 'bread of affliction' (1 Kgs 22:27).

Appears 19 times in 18 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) to squeeze, press, oppress

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to squeeze, press

1a2) to oppress

1b) (Niphal) to squeeze oneself

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Psalm 56:1

Range of meaning

To press, squeeze or crowd physically (Num 22:25; 2 Kgs 6:32, holding a door shut against someone). Figuratively, to oppress or hem in. The noun laḥaṣ means oppression or affliction, as in 'bread of affliction' (1 Kgs 22:27).

Against the English

KJV and WEB: 'oppresseth/oppresses'. ESV and NASB: 'oppresses'. BSB and NIV: 'press their attack'. NLT: 'attack'.

How it drifted

Today 'oppress' often suggests systemic political or social injustice. Here the word is concrete: being squeezed, cornered, pinned in.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exod 3:9 and Judg 2:18 use it for Egypt's and other enemies' pressure on Israel. In Judg 4:3 and 10:12 the oppressors are military enemies, as with the 'fighter' here.

From the study of Isaiah 19:20

Range of meaning

To press or squeeze, physically (Balaam's donkey squeezes his foot against a wall, Num 22:25) and socially: to oppress or crush under domination. The participle lochets means 'oppressor'.

Against the English

'Oppressor' is accurate. What English loses is the bodily picture of being squeezed and pinned, and the word's strong association with Egypt.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exod 3:9: 'the oppression (lachats) with which the Egyptians oppress (lochatsim) them'. Exod 22:21 and 23:9: do not oppress the foreigner, 'for you were foreigners in Egypt'. Judg 2:18: Yahweh was moved 'because of their oppressors' (mippene lochatsehem), almost the exact phrase of this verse. 2 Kgs 13:4–5: Aram oppressed Israel, and 'Yahweh gave Israel a deliverer (moshia')'.

From the study of Exodus 22:21

Range of meaning

To press, squeeze or crowd, and figuratively to oppress. Literally, Balaam's donkey presses his foot against a wall (Numbers 22:25), and Elisha says to press a messenger back in the doorway (2 Kings 6:32). Figuratively, enemies hem Israel in (Judges 1:34; 4:3). The related noun laḥaṣ means "pressure, oppression."

Against the English

Most versions say "oppress," which is accurate but abstract. YLT's "crush" keeps the physical picture of squeezing someone with nowhere to go.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exodus 3:9: "I have seen the oppression (laḥaṣ) with which the Egyptians are oppressing (lōḥăṣîm) them." The verb comes back in the twin law Exodus 23:9: "You shall not oppress (tilḥāṣ) a gēr; you know the life (nefesh) of the gēr, for you were gērîm in the land of Egypt." The Septuagint renders it with thlibō, "press, afflict."

Similar words

Where it appears

Exodus · 3
  1. Exodus 3:9 לֹחֲצִ֥ים [are] oppressing

    And now the cry of the Israelites has reached Me, and I have seen how severely the Egyptians are oppressing them.

    Here: An ongoing action: they are pressing them right now, and it continues. It shares a root with the noun before it ('the squeezing with which they squeeze them'), and the repetition piles on the weight.

  2. Exodus 22:21 תִלְחָצֶ֑נּוּ you must oppress him

    You must not exploit or oppress a foreign resident, for you yourselves were foreigners in the land of Egypt.

    Here: "Nor squeeze him." The word pictures physical pressing, pinning someone against a wall. It is the same word God used for what Egypt did to Israel (Exodus 3:9).

  3. Exodus 23:9 תִלְחָ֑ץ you must oppress

    Do not oppress a foreign resident, since you yourselves know how it feels to be foreigners; for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.

    Here: A physical verb for pressing someone against something, used here for leaning on a person who cannot push back. It is singular, so it lands on each individual Israelite, and it is the same verb used for what Egypt did to Israel (Exodus 3:9).

Numbers · 2
  1. Numbers 22:25 וַתִּלָּחֵץ֙ וַתִּלְחַ֛ץ and it squeezed itself, and it squeezed

    And the donkey saw the angel of the LORD and pressed herself against the wall, crushing Balaam’s foot against it. So he beat her once again.

Judges · 5
  1. Judges 1:34 וַיִּלְחֲצ֧וּ and they pressed

    The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country and did not allow them to come down into the plain.

  2. Judges 2:18 לֹחֲצֵיהֶ֖ם [those who] oppressed them

    Whenever the LORD raised up a judge for the Israelites, He was with that judge and saved them from the hands of their enemies while the judge was still alive; for the LORD was moved to pity by their groaning under those who oppressed them and afflicted them.

    Here: 'Those squeezing them': the verb means to press hard or crush. It is the Exodus word for Egypt's oppression (Exod 3:9), so the scene is cast as a repeat of Egypt.

  3. Judges 4:3 לָחַ֞ץ he oppressed

    Then the Israelites cried out to the LORD, because Jabin had nine hundred chariots of iron, and he had harshly oppressed the Israelites for twenty years.

    Here: Physically, to squeeze or pin something against a wall. Used of people, it means crushing them under pressure. It is the word used for Egypt's oppression of Israel (Exod 3:9). The verb form here can be read 'had oppressed'.

  4. Judges 6:9 לֹחֲצֵיכֶ֑ם [those who] oppressed you

    I delivered you out of the hands of Egypt and all your oppressors. I drove them out before you and gave you their land.

  5. Judges 10:12 לָחֲצ֖וּ they oppressed

    Sidonians, Amalekites, and Maonites oppressed you and you cried out to Me, did I not save you from their hands?

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 10:18 הַלֹּחֲצִ֖ים that were oppressing

    and said to the Israelites, “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘I brought Israel up out of Egypt, and I rescued you from the hands of the Egyptians and of all the kingdoms that oppressed you.’

2 Kings · 3
  1. 2 Kings 6:32 וּלְחַצְתֶּ֤ם and you will push

    Now Elisha was sitting in his house, and the elders were sitting with him. The king sent a messenger ahead, but before he arrived, Elisha said to the elders, “Do you see how this murderer has sent someone to cut off my head? Look, when the messenger comes, shut the door to keep him out. Is not the sound of his master’s footsteps behind him?”

  2. 2 Kings 13:4 לָחַ֥ץ he oppressed

    Then Jehoahaz sought the favor of the LORD, and the LORD listened to him because He saw the oppression that the king of Aram had inflicted on Israel.

    Here: The verb from the same root as the noun just used: 'the squeezing… for he squeezed them'. The repetition presses the point home.

  3. 2 Kings 13:22 לָחַ֖ץ he had oppressed

    And Hazael king of Aram oppressed Israel throughout the reign of Jehoahaz.

Psalms · 2
  1. Psalm 56:1 יִלְחָצֵֽנִי׃ he oppresses me

    For the choirmaster. To the tune of “A Dove on Distant Oaks.” A Miktam of David, when the Philistines seized him in Gath. Be merciful to me, O God, for men are hounding me; all day they press their attack.

    Here: 'He presses me' or 'he squeezes me.' The word is physical: Balaam's donkey crushing his foot against a wall (Num 22:25), Egypt's pressure on enslaved Israel (Exod 3:9). The imperfect form describes ongoing, repeated action: he keeps hemming me in.

  2. Psalm 106:42 וַיִּלְחָצ֥וּם and they oppressed them

    Their enemies oppressed them and subdued them under their hand.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 19:20 לֹֽחֲצִ֔ים oppressors

    It will be a sign and a witness to the LORD of Hosts in the land of Egypt. When they cry out to the LORD because of their oppressors, He will send them a savior and defender to rescue them.

    Here: Those who press, squeeze or crush. It is used without 'the', so 'oppressors' in general, leaving them unnamed. It is the verb used in Exod 3:9 for what Egypt did to Israel: 'the oppression with which the Egyptians oppress them'.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 30:20 לֹחֲצָֽיו׃ [those who] oppress it

    Their children will be as in days of old, and their congregation will be established before Me; and I will punish all their oppressors.

Amos · 1
  1. Amos 6:14 וְלָחֲצ֥וּ and they will oppress

    For behold, I will raise up a nation against you, O house of Israel,” declares the LORD, the God of Hosts, “and they will oppress you from Lebo-hamath to the Brook of the Arabah.”

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.