Hebrew word · H3940

לַפִּיד

lapid

torch

Torch, firebrand, flame. It is an open flame carried by hand or used to set fires, not the enclosed clay oil lamp (ner).

Appears 13 times in 12 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

torch

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 62:1

Range of meaning

Torch, firebrand, flame. It is an open flame carried by hand or used to set fires, not the enclosed clay oil lamp (ner).

Against the English

KJV and WEB 'lamp' can call up a small indoor lamp. BSB 'blazing torch', ESV 'burning torch' and YLT 'torch' keep the image of an open, flaring flame.

How it drifted

In 1611 'lamp' could mean any light-giving flame. Modern readers picture a household lamp, which shrinks the image.

Used elsewhere in the period

The 'flaming torch' passing between the pieces at the covenant with Abram (Gen 15:17). Gideon's torches in jars (Judg 7:16, 20). Samson's torches tied to foxes (Judg 15:4). 'Like a flaming torch among sheaves' (Zech 12:6). The lightning-like 'torches' at Sinai (Exod 20:18).

From the study of Ezekiel 1:13

Range of meaning

A torch or flaming brand. It can also mean a flash or blaze of lightning (Exod 20:18) and, by extension, anything that flares (Job 41:19; Isa 62:1 'like a burning torch'; Zech 12:6).

Against the English

The KJV's 'lamps' makes a modern reader think of a small, steady oil lamp or even a table lamp. Lappîd is a big, open, flickering flame that is carried and moves. 'Torches' (BSB, WEB, NASB, ESV) is better.

How it drifted

In 1611 'lamp' could still mean any light or flame (the KJV uses it for the torches in Gideon's pitchers, Judg 7:16), but the sense has narrowed to a fixed, contained light.

Used elsewhere in the period

Gen 15:17: 'a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch (lappîd ʾēš) passed between these pieces', God binding himself by covenant. Exod 20:18: the people saw 'the thunder and the lappîdîm' (lightning flashes) at Sinai. Judg 7:16, 20; 15:4: literal torches. The Septuagint here has lampades, the word behind 'seven lamps of fire burning' in Rev 4:5.

From the study of Exodus 20:18

Range of meaning

Torch, flaming brand, flame. In poetry it describes something blazing or flashing (Nah 2:4 chariots “like torches”; Ezek 1:13 “like the appearance of torches”; Job 41:19 torches from Leviathan's mouth).

Against the English

Most versions say “lightning” or “lightnings” (KJV, BSB, WEB). YLT's “flames” is closer to the word. The parallel storm description in 19:16 uses the normal word for lightning (bərāqîm), not this one.

How it drifted

Translators bring this verse into line with 19:16, where the storm has thunder and lightning. That reading is reasonable, but it hides the fact that this word usually means a burning torch.

Used elsewhere in the period

Gen 15:17: a smoking furnace and “a torch of fire” (lappîḏ ʾēš) pass between the halves of the animals when God makes his covenant with Abram. That earlier scene has smoke and torch together, just as Sinai does. Judg 7:16, 20 uses the word for Gideon's torches hidden in jars. The Septuagint renders it λαμπάδες (“lamps, torches”) and the Vulgate lampades.

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 15:17 וְלַפִּ֣יד and a torch of

    When the sun had set and darkness had fallen, behold, a smoking firepot and a flaming torch appeared and passed between the halves of the carcasses.

    Here: A hand torch or flare, an open flame on a stick (Gideon's torches, Judg 7). Linked to the next word: 'a torch of fire'.

Exodus · 1
  1. Exodus 20:18 הַלַּפִּידִ֗ם the lightning

    When all the people witnessed the thunder and lightning, the sounding of the ram’s horn, and the mountain enveloped in smoke, they trembled and stood at a distance.

    Here: Literally “the torches.” Most translations take it as lightning flashes, but the word normally means a burning torch or flame. It recalls the fire in which God came down on the mountain (19:18).

Judges · 5
  1. Judges 7:16 וְלַפִּדִ֖ים and torches

    And he divided the three hundred men into three companies and gave each man a ram’s horn in one hand and a large jar in the other, containing a torch.

  2. Judges 7:20 בַּלַּפִּדִ֔ים on the torches

    The three companies blew their horns and shattered their jars. Holding the torches in their left hands and the horns in their right hands, they shouted, “A sword for the LORD and for Gideon!”

  3. Judges 15:4 לַפִּדִ֗ים לַפִּ֥יד torches, a torch

    Then Samson went out and caught three hundred foxes. And he took torches, turned the foxes tail-to-tail, and fastened a torch between each pair of tails.

  4. Judges 15:5 בַּלַּפִּידִ֔ים on the torches

    Then he lit the torches and released the foxes into the standing grain of the Philistines, burning up the piles of grain and the standing grain, as well as the vineyards and olive groves.

Job · 1
  1. Job 41:19 לַפִּידִ֣ים torches

    Firebrands stream from his mouth; fiery sparks shoot forth!

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 62:1 כְּלַפִּ֥יד like a torch

    For Zion’s sake I will not keep silent, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not keep still, until her righteousness shines like a bright light, her salvation like a blazing torch.

    Here: An open, flaring torch, the kind carried in the night or set to a field. It is not a small household oil lamp. It pictures something blazing that cannot be missed.

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 1:13 הַלַּפִּדִ֔ים <the> torches

    In the midst of the living creatures was the appearance of glowing coals of fire, or of torches. Fire moved back and forth between the living creatures; it was bright, and lightning flashed out of it.

    Here: Flaming torches or brands: open, flickering, moving flames, not small oil lamps. The word is used for the lightning at Sinai (Exod 20:18) and the fiery torch that passed between the pieces of Abraham's covenant sacrifice (Gen 15:17).

Daniel · 1
  1. Daniel 10:6 כְּלַפִּ֣ידֵי [were] like torches of

    His body was like beryl, his face like the brilliance of lightning, his eyes like flaming torches, his arms and legs like the gleam of polished bronze, and his voice like the sound of a multitude.

    Here: Hand-held torches or firebrands, not small household lamps. The picture is of eyes that blaze and throw off living flame.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 2:4 כַּלַּפִּידִ֔ם [are] like <the> torches

    The chariots dash through the streets; they rush around the plazas, appearing like torches, darting about like lightning.

    Here: "Like torches": blazing, flickering flames. The image picks up the fire-like glint of the chariot fittings in the previous verse ("flash like fire") and red-dyed shields and clothing.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 12:6 וּכְלַפִּ֥יד and like a torch of

    On that day I will make the clans of Judah like a firepot in a woodpile, like a flaming torch among the sheaves; they will consume all the peoples around them on the right and on the left, while the people of Jerusalem remain secure there.

    Here: 'And like a torch (of)': a burning brand. The same word is used for Gideon's torches (Judges 7) and the torches Samson tied to foxes to burn the Philistine grain (Judges 15).

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.