Hebrew word · H4393

מְלֹא

melo'

fullness

Fullness: everything that fills a space, such as a handful, the contents of a sea, or the people and goods of a land.

Appears 38 times in 36 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) fulness, that which fills

1a) fulness, handful

1b) mass, multitude

1c) fulness, that which fills, entire contents

1d) full length, full line

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Jeremiah 47:2

Range of meaning

Fullness: everything that fills a space, such as a handful, the contents of a sea, or the people and goods of a land.

Against the English

BSB and YLT 'its fullness', KJV and WEB 'all that is therein'. Both are fine. 'Fullness' can sound abstract or spiritual to modern ears, but here it is concrete: everything and everyone in the land.

Used elsewhere in the period

A fixed pair, 'land/earth and its fullness': Ps 24:1; Deut 33:16; Isa 34:1; Mic 1:2. Almost the same line appears in Jer 8:16: 'they came and devoured the land and its fullness, the city and those who dwell in it.'

From the study of Isaiah 6:3

Range of meaning

“Fullness,” meaning what fills something: a handful, a full measure, the contents of the sea or the earth (Psalm 24:1, “the earth and its fullness”; Psalm 96:11; Isaiah 34:1). It can also mean the full extent of an area (Isaiah 8:8).

Against the English

Most versions turn the noun into an adjective: “the whole earth is full of his glory.” That is a fair paraphrase. YLT keeps the Hebrew shape, “the fulness of all the earth is his glory,” which has a slightly different emphasis: the earth's contents are themselves his glory on display.

Used elsewhere in the period

Psalm 24:1: “The earth is YHWH's, and its fullness.” Isaiah 8:8 uses the same word for the Assyrian flood whose spread wings “fill the breadth of your land.” Here it is God's glory, not Assyria, that fills the earth.

From the study of Psalm 24:1

Range of meaning

Fullness; that which fills something; contents. Used of a handful ('the fill of a hand'), of the sea and everything in it, of the land and all its produce and creatures.

Against the English

KJV/ESV 'the fullness thereof' is accurate but archaic, and 'fullness' can sound abstract or spiritual (as in 'the fullness of God'). NIV/NLT 'everything in it' and NASB 'all it contains' give the concrete sense better.

How it drifted

'Fullness' has, through hymns and Paul's Greek plērōma, taken on a theological sense of completeness or perfection. The Hebrew is concrete: the contents.

Used elsewhere in the period

'The sea and its fullness' (Ps 96:11; 98:7; 1 Chr 16:32); 'the land and its fullness' (Deut 33:16; Jer 8:16; 47:2; Ezek 30:12; Mic 1:2); Isa 6:3, 'the fullness of all the earth is his glory'. Ps 98:7 repeats this psalm's second half word for word: tevel veyoshvei vah.

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 48:19 מְלֹֽא־ [the] fullness of

    But his father refused. “I know, my son, I know!” he said. “He too shall become a people, and he too shall be great; nevertheless, his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his offspring shall become a multitude of nations.”

    Here: "The fullness of": the full amount, as much as fills something. Here it means a great abundance, so many descendants that they amount to whole nations.

Exodus · 3
  1. Exodus 9:8 מְלֹ֣א [the] fullness of

    Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, “Take handfuls of soot from the furnace; in the sight of Pharaoh, Moses is to toss it into the air.

  2. Exodus 16:32 מְלֹ֤א [the] fullness of

    Moses said, “This is what the LORD has commanded: ‘Keep an omer of manna for the generations to come, so that they may see the bread I fed you in the wilderness when I brought you out of the land of Egypt.’”

  3. Exodus 16:33 מְלֹֽא־ [the] fullness of

    So Moses told Aaron, “Take a jar and fill it with an omer of manna. Then place it before the LORD to be preserved for the generations to come.”

Leviticus · 4
  1. Leviticus 2:2 מְלֹ֣א [the] fullness of

    and bring it to Aaron’s sons the priests. The priest shall take a handful of the flour and oil, together with all the frankincense, and burn this as a memorial portion on the altar, a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

    Here: 'The fill of': a full, not token-sized, fistful. The phrase measures by the human hand rather than by a fixed vessel.

  2. Leviticus 5:12 מְל֨וֹא [the] fullness of

    He is to bring it to the priest, who shall take a handful from it as a memorial portion and burn it on the altar atop the food offerings to the LORD; it is a sin offering.

    Here: 'The full amount of'. It stresses that the handful must be a full fistful, not a token pinch.

  3. Leviticus 16:12 מְלֹֽא־ וּמְלֹ֣א <the> fullness of, and [the] fullness of

    Then he must take a censer full of burning coals from the altar before the LORD, and two handfuls of finely ground fragrant incense, and take them inside the veil.

    Here: 'The fullness of the fire-pan' means filled to the brim. The same word comes back a few words later for his hands, so the verse has two matching parts: a full pan of fire and full hands of incense.

Numbers · 2
  1. Numbers 22:18 מְלֹ֥א [the] fullness of

    But Balaam replied to the servants of Balak, “If Balak were to give me his house full of silver and gold, I could not do anything small or great to go beyond the command of the LORD my God.

  2. Numbers 24:13 מְלֹ֣א [the] fullness of

    that even if Balak were to give me his house full of silver and gold, I could not do anything of my own accord, good or bad, to go beyond the command of the LORD? I must speak whatever the LORD says.

Deuteronomy · 1
  1. Deuteronomy 33:16 וּמְלֹאָ֔הּ and what fills it

    with the choice gifts of the land and everything in it, and with the favor of Him who dwelt in the burning bush. May these rest on the head of Joseph and crown the brow of the prince of his brothers.

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 6:38 מְל֥וֹא [the] fullness of

    And that is what happened. When Gideon arose the next morning, he squeezed the fleece and wrung out the dew—a bowlful of water.

    Here: 'The full amount of' or 'the filling of'. It stresses quantity. This was not a damp patch but enough water to fill a vessel.

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 28:20 מְלֹא־ [the] fullness of

    Immediately Saul fell flat on the ground, terrified by the words of Samuel. And his strength was gone, because he had not eaten anything all that day and night.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 8:2 וּמְלֹ֥א and [the] fullness of

    David also defeated the Moabites, made them lie down on the ground, and measured them off with a cord. He measured off with two lengths those to be put to death, and with one length those to be spared. So the Moabites became subject to David and brought him tribute.

    Here: 'And the fullness of.' One full length of the cord. The word 'full' stresses that the spared portion was a complete measure.

1 Kings · 1
  1. 1 Kings 17:12 מְלֹ֤א [the] fullness of

    But she replied, “As surely as the LORD your God lives, I have no bread—only a handful of flour in a jar and a little oil in a jug. Look, I am gathering a couple of sticks to take home and prepare a meal for myself and my son, so that we may eat it and die.”

    Here: 'The fill of' something: exactly as much as the hollow of one hand holds, and no more.

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 4:39 מְלֹ֣א [the] fullness of

    One of them went out to the field to gather herbs, and he found a wild vine from which he gathered as many wild gourds as his garment could hold. Then he came back and cut them up into the pot of stew, though no one knew what they were.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 16:32 וּמְלוֹא֔וֹ and what fills it

    Let the sea resound, and all that fills it; let the fields exult, and all that is in them.

Psalms · 5
  1. Psalm 24:1 וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ and what fills it

    A Psalm of David. The earth is the LORD’s, and the fullness thereof, the world and all who dwell therein.

    Here: Everything that fills the earth: animals, plants, crops, goods, resources. It is a concrete, inventory-like word ('its contents'), not an abstract 'completeness'.

  2. Psalm 50:12 וּמְלֹאָֽהּ׃ and what fills it

    If I were hungry, I would not tell you, for the world is Mine, and the fullness thereof.

    Here: 'And its fill': everything the world holds, its animals, harvests and inhabitants. This is concrete contents, not an abstract 'completeness.' It sweeps up the birds and beasts of vv. 10–11 into one phrase.

  3. Psalm 89:11 וּ֝מְלֹאָ֗הּ and what fills it

    The heavens are Yours, and also the earth. The earth and its fullness You founded.

    Here: 'And what fills it': everything the world contains, its people, animals, crops, cities and wealth. The 'its' is feminine and points back to the world (tevel).

  4. Psalm 96:11 וּמְלֹאֽוֹ׃ and what fills it

    Let the heavens be glad and the earth rejoice; let the sea resound, and all that fills it.

    Here: "And its fullness": everything that fills the sea, its waters and all its swarming creatures. The same word is used in Ps 24:1, "the earth and its fullness."

  5. Psalm 98:7 וּמְלֹא֑וֹ and what fills it

    Let the sea resound, and all that fills it, the world, and all who dwell in it.

    Here: "And its fullness," meaning everything that fills the sea: fish, sea creatures, the whole teeming contents. It is a second subject of "thunder," so the sea and all that lives in it roar together.

Ecclesiastes · 2
  1. Ecclesiastes 4:6 מְלֹ֥א מִמְּלֹ֥א fullness of, more than [the] fullness of

    Better one handful with tranquility than two handfuls with toil and pursuit of the wind.

    Here: 'The fill of' something, the amount it holds. Here it is what one open palm can hold.

Isaiah · 5
  1. Isaiah 6:3 מְלֹ֥א [the] fullness of

    And they were calling out to one another: “Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of Hosts; all the earth is full of His glory.”

    Here: A noun, not an adjective: “the fullness of.” It means the earth's whole contents, or the earth filled to its edges. The Hebrew says, literally, that what fills the earth *is* his glory.

  2. Isaiah 8:8 מְלֹ֥א [the] fullness of

    It will pour into Judah, swirling and sweeping over it, reaching up to the neck; its spreading streams will cover your entire land, O Immanuel!

    Here: The outstretched wings will be 'the filling' of the land: nothing is left uncovered.

  3. Isaiah 31:4 מְלֹ֣א a multitude of

    For this is what the LORD has said to me: “Like a lion roaring or a young lion over its prey—and though a band of shepherds is called out against it, it is not terrified by their shouting or subdued by their clamor—so the LORD of Hosts will come down to do battle on Mount Zion and its heights.

    Here: 'A fullness of shepherds': a whole crowd of them, every herdsman who can be gathered.

  4. Isaiah 34:1 וּמְלֹאָ֔הּ and what fills it

    Come near, O nations, to listen; pay attention, O peoples. Let the earth hear, and all that fills it, the world and all that springs from it.

    Here: 'And its fullness': everything that fills the earth, meaning people, animals, plants and goods. It is the same phrase as Psalm 24:1, 'the earth and its fullness.'

  5. Isaiah 42:10 וּמְלֹא֔וֹ and what fills it

    Sing to the LORD a new song—His praise from the ends of the earth—you who go down to the sea, and all that is in it, you islands, and all who dwell in them.

    Here: "Everything that fills it": all the life in the sea, and perhaps everything that sails on it. The same pairing appears in Psalm 96:11 and 98:7 ("the sea and its fullness"), so the sea creatures themselves are invited to join in.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 8:16 וּמְלוֹאָ֔הּ and what fills it

    The snorting of enemy horses is heard from Dan. At the sound of the neighing of mighty steeds, the whole land quakes. They come to devour the land and everything in it, the city and all who dwell in it.

    Here: Everything that fills the land: crops, flocks, goods, people. The same phrase appears in Psalm 24:1: 'The earth is the LORD's, and its fullness'. Here invaders devour it.

  2. Jeremiah 47:2 וּמְלוֹאָ֔הּ and what fills it

    This is what the LORD says: “See how the waters are rising from the north and becoming an overflowing torrent. They will overflow the land and its fullness, the cities and their inhabitants. The people will cry out, and all who dwell in the land will wail

    Here: 'And everything that fills it': people, livestock, crops, goods. This is a set phrase for the whole contents of a territory.

Ezekiel · 5
  1. Ezekiel 12:19 מִמְּלֹאָ֔הּ from fullness its

    Then tell the people of the land that this is what the Lord GOD says about those living in Jerusalem and in the land of Israel: ‘They will eat their bread with anxiety and drink their water in dread, for their land will be stripped of everything in it because of the violence of all who dwell in it.

  2. Ezekiel 19:7 וּמְלֹאָ֔הּ and what fills it

    He broke down their strongholds and devastated their cities. The land and everything in it shuddered at the sound of his roaring.

  3. Ezekiel 30:12 וּמְלֹאָהּ֙ and what fills it

    I will make the streams dry up and sell the land to the wicked. By the hands of foreigners I will bring desolation upon the land and everything in it. I, the LORD, have spoken.

  4. Ezekiel 32:15 מִמְּלֹאָ֔הּ from fullness its

    ‘When I make the land of Egypt a desolation and empty it of all that filled it, when I strike down all who live there, then they will know that I am the LORD.’

  5. Ezekiel 41:8 מְל֣וֹ [was] [the] fullness of

    I saw that the temple had a raised base all around it, forming the foundation of the side rooms. It was the full length of a rod, six long cubits.

Amos · 1
  1. Amos 6:8 וּמְלֹאָֽהּ׃ and what fills it

    The Lord GOD has sworn by Himself—the LORD, the God of Hosts, has declared: “I abhor Jacob’s pride and detest his citadels, so I will deliver up the city and everything in it.”

    Here: 'All that fills it': people, wealth, furniture, stores. Nothing inside the walls is held back from the surrender.

Micah · 1
  1. Micah 1:2 וּמְלֹאָ֑הּ and what fills it

    Hear, O peoples, all of you; listen, O earth, and everyone in it! May the Lord GOD bear witness against you, the Lord from His holy temple.

    Here: 'And its fullness': everything that fills the earth, meaning people, creatures and things. It is a fixed phrase ('the earth and its fullness', Ps 24:1; Deut 33:16) for the totality of the world.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.