Hebrew word · H4692
מָצוֹר
matzor
siege
From the root tsur, 'to bind, shut in, besiege.' It means: (1) a siege, the state of a city enclosed by an army; (2) siege works or siege ramps (Deut 20:20, Mic 5:1); (3) a fortified place or stronghold (2 Chr 8:5, Ps 31:22). Per HALOT and BDB.
Appears 25 times in 25 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) siege-enclosure, siege, entrenchment, siege works
1a) siege
1b) enclosure, siege-works, rampart
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Deuteronomy 28:53
- Range of meaning
From the root tsur, 'to bind, shut in, besiege.' It means: (1) a siege, the state of a city enclosed by an army; (2) siege works or siege ramps (Deut 20:20, Mic 5:1); (3) a fortified place or stronghold (2 Chr 8:5, Ps 31:22). Per HALOT and BDB.
- Against the English
Every version has 'siege'. That is accurate.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Deut 20:19–20 (laws of siege, sparing fruit trees). 2 Kgs 24:10 and 25:2 ('the city came under siege' at Jerusalem). Jer 19:9 repeats this verse's phrase almost word for word. Ezek 4:2–8 acts out the siege of Jerusalem. Ezek 5:10 says fathers will eat sons and sons fathers 'in your midst'.
From the study of Habakkuk 2:1
- Range of meaning
From ṣûr, 'to bind, besiege.' It means (1) siege, a state of being besieged (Deut 20:19; 2 Kgs 24:10); (2) siege-works built against a city (Deut 20:20); (3) fortification or stronghold, as in 'cities of māṣôr,' fortified cities (2 Chr 8:5; 11:5).
- Against the English
KJV 'tower,' BSB/WEB 'ramparts,' YLT 'bulwark.' All take it as the fortification sense. 'Tower' is a little too specific, since the word refers to fortifications generally.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Common in military narrative and in prophetic threats of siege (e.g. Jer 10:17; Ezek 4:7–8). The Septuagint here has 'rock' (petra), not a fortification word.
From the study of Jeremiah 52:5
- Range of meaning
From the root ts-w-r, "to bind up, shut in, besiege." Its meanings run from (1) a siege, the state of being encircled and shut in; to (2) siege-works or a fortification ("cities of matsor" = fortified cities, e.g. 2 Chronicles 8:5); and (3) more broadly the distress and straits that siege brings. It is often paired with matsoq, "distress, constraint."
- Against the English
English "siege" or "besieged" is accurate. What the English cannot carry is the echo this exact word had for an Israelite ear: it is the key word of the siege curse in Deuteronomy 28.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Deuteronomy 28:53, 55, 57 repeat the phrase "in the siege and in the distress" (bemmatsor uvemmatsoq) for the horror of a covenant-breaking people shut in by an enemy, to the point of eating their own children. Lamentations 4:10 says this happened in Jerusalem's fall. Ezekiel 4:1–3 has the prophet act out a matsor against a model of Jerusalem. The same phrase "came into siege" occurs in 2 Kings 24:10 (the first siege, in 597 BC) and 2 Kings 25:2 (the parallel to this verse).
Similar words
Where it appears
Deuteronomy · 5
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Deuteronomy 20:19 בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ in <the> state of siege
When you lay siege to a city for an extended time while fighting against it to capture it, you must not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, because you can eat their fruit. You must not cut them down. Are the trees of the field human, that you should besiege them?
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Deuteronomy 20:20 מָצ֗וֹר siege work[s]
But you may destroy the trees that you know do not produce fruit. Use them to build siege works against the city that is waging war against you, until it falls.
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Deuteronomy 28:53 בְּמָצוֹר֙ in [the] siege
Then you will eat the fruit of your womb, the flesh of the sons and daughters whom the LORD your God has given you, in the siege and distress that your enemy will inflict on you.
Here: 'In siege.' A city shut in by an army, with supplies cut off. It picks up the verb 'besiege' (hetsar) from v. 52.
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Deuteronomy 28:55 בְּמָצוֹר֙ in [the] siege
refusing to share with any of them the flesh of his children he will eat because he has nothing left in the siege and distress that your enemy will inflict on you within all your gates.
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Deuteronomy 28:57 בְּמָצוֹר֙ in [the] siege
the afterbirth that comes from between her legs and the children she bears, because she will secretly eat them for lack of anything else in the siege and distress that your enemy will inflict on you within your gates.
2 Kings · 2
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2 Kings 24:10 בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ in <the> state of siege
At that time the servants of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon marched up to Jerusalem, and the city came under siege.
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2 Kings 25:2 בַּמָּצ֑וֹר in <the> state of siege
And the city was kept under siege until King Zedekiah’s eleventh year.
2 Chronicles · 3
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2 Chronicles 8:5 מָצ֔וֹר fortification
He rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon as fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars,
Here: The word means a siege, or the defences that hold out against one. 'Cities of siege' therefore means towns built to withstand a siege: fortresses. Chronicles uses this phrase often.
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2 Chronicles 11:5 לְמָצ֖וֹר to fortification
Rehoboam lived in Jerusalem, and he built up cities for defense in Judah.
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2 Chronicles 32:10 בְּמָצ֖וֹר in siege
“This is what Sennacherib king of Assyria says: What is the basis of your confidence, that you remain in Jerusalem under siege?
Psalms · 2
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Psalm 31:21 מָצֽוֹר׃ siege
Blessed be the LORD, for He has shown me His loving devotion in a city under siege.
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Psalm 60:9 מָצ֑וֹר fortification
Who will bring me to the fortified city? Who will lead me to Edom?
Jeremiah · 3
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Jeremiah 10:17 בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ ס in the siege
Gather up your belongings from this land, you who live under siege.
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Jeremiah 19:9 בְּמָצוֹר֙ in [the] siege
I will make them eat the flesh of their sons and daughters, and they will eat one another’s flesh in the siege and distress inflicted on them by their enemies who seek their lives.’
Here: 'In the siege'. A city shut in by an enemy army until food runs out. This is the situation that produces the horror.
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Jeremiah 52:5 בַּמָּצ֑וֹר in <the> state of siege
And the city was kept under siege until King Zedekiah’s eleventh year.
Here: "Into the siege." The preposition *be-* ("in/into") goes with "came" to form a fixed phrase, "came into siege" (also 2 Kings 24:10; 25:2). It means being shut in and cut off. In Deuteronomy 28 the same word names the siege curse threatened on a covenant-breaking people.
Ezekiel · 5
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Ezekiel 4:2 מָצ֗וֹר a siege
Then lay siege against it: Construct a siege wall, build a ramp to it, set up camps against it, and place battering rams around it on all sides.
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Ezekiel 4:3 בַמָּצוֹר֙ in <the> state of siege
Then take an iron plate and set it up as an iron wall between yourself and the city. Turn your face toward it so that it is under siege, and besiege it. This will be a sign to the house of Israel.
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Ezekiel 4:7 מְצ֤וֹר [the] siege of
You must turn your face toward the siege of Jerusalem with your arm bared, and prophesy against it.
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Ezekiel 4:8 מְצוּרֶֽךָ׃ siege your
Now behold, I will tie you up with ropes so you cannot turn from side to side until you have finished the days of your siege.
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Ezekiel 5:2 הַמָּצ֑וֹר the siege
When the days of the siege have ended, you are to burn up a third of the hair inside the city; you are also to take a third and slash it with the sword all around the city; and you are to scatter a third to the wind. For I will unleash a sword behind them.
Here: 'The siege.' This is the siege of the model city in 4:2–3, 7–8, and behind it the coming Babylonian siege of Jerusalem (588–586 BC). The word also calls up the covenant curse of Deut 28:53–57, 'in the siege and the distress.'
Micah · 1
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Micah 5:1 מָצ֖וֹר a siege
Now, O daughter of troops, mobilize your troops; for a siege is laid against us! With a rod they will strike the cheek of the judge of Israel.
Here: A siege: an army closing in, with ramps and blockade. It comes first in its clause for emphasis: 'A siege! He has set it against us.'
Nahum · 1
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Nahum 3:14 מָצוֹר֙ siege
Draw your water for the siege; strengthen your fortresses. Work the clay and tread the mortar; repair the brick kiln!
Habakkuk · 1
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Habakkuk 2:1 מָצ֑וֹר [the] fortification
I will stand at my guard post and station myself on the ramparts. I will watch to see what He will say to me, and how I should answer when corrected.
Here: Here the fortification or rampart, the walled height from which a lookout scans the horizon. The word usually belongs to warfare (siege, besieged city, fortified place), which suits a book about the coming Babylonian army.
Zechariah · 2
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Zechariah 9:3 מָצ֖וֹר a fortification
Tyre has built herself a fortress; she has heaped up silver like dust, and gold like the dirt of the streets.
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Zechariah 12:2 בַמָּצ֖וֹר in the siege
“Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of drunkenness to all the surrounding peoples. Judah will be besieged, as well as Jerusalem.
Here: 'In the siege', with the definite article: the particular siege just pictured, the nations encircling Jerusalem. The word carries the whole misery of siege warfare: blockade, siege works, famine, desperation.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.