Hebrew word · H4885
מָשׂוֹשׂ
mesos
rejoicing
Exultation, joy, delight, often public and festive: the joy of a city, of feasting, of a wedding. It can also be the object that causes joy ('a joy of the whole earth', Ps 48:2).
Appears 17 times in 16 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
exultation, joy, rejoicing
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Exultation, joy, delight, often public and festive: the joy of a city, of feasting, of a wedding. It can also be the object that causes joy ('a joy of the whole earth', Ps 48:2).
- Against the English
BSB says 'rejoiced in', KJV and WEB say 'rejoice in', YLT says 'rejoicing with', and NIV and ESV say 'rejoice(s) over'. English versions turn the noun into a verb. 'In', 'with' and 'over' each imply a different relationship to Rezin, and the Hebrew does not settle which is meant.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Isaiah uses the word for the gladness that ceases under judgment (24:8, 11) and for Jerusalem made 'a joy' (60:15; 65:18). Ps 48:2 calls Zion 'the joy of the whole earth'.
- Range of meaning
Exultation, rejoicing, festive gladness. The word is used of a bridegroom's joy, of the joy of festival, and of a restored city (Isa 60:15, 'a joy from age to age'; Isa 65:18, 'her people a joy').
- Against the English
'Joy' is accurate across the versions. The NLT turns the noun into an action, the whole earth rejoicing at the sight of the city, which reads the phrase one way. The Hebrew simply calls Zion 'the joy of all the earth' and does not say how.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Lamentations 2:15 quotes this very title in grief over a ruined Jerusalem: 'Is this the city that was called the perfection of beauty, the joy of all the earth?' That shows the phrase had become a well-known epithet of Zion.
- Range of meaning
Exultation and glad celebration that shows outwardly, the joy of festivals, harvest and weddings. It is used for God's own delight (Deut 28:63; 30:9: 'the LORD will again rejoice over you') and for the joy of the whole earth in Zion (Ps 48:2).
- Against the English
English 'rejoice' is accurate but sounds churchy and a little restrained. The Hebrew suggests loud wedding celebration: music, feasting, open delight.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Jeremiah repeatedly pairs 'the sound of joy (sason) and gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride' (7:34; 16:9; 25:10; 33:11). Their silence stood for the exile, and their return for restoration. Isaiah 65:18–19 says God 'will rejoice (gil) in Jerusalem'. Zephaniah 3:17 says God 'will rejoice (yasis) over you with gladness'.
Where it appears
Job · 1
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Job 8:19 מְשׂ֣וֹשׂ [is] [the] joy of
Surely this is the joy of his way; yet others will spring from the dust.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 48:2 מְשׂ֪וֹשׂ [the] joy of
Beautiful in loftiness, the joy of all the earth, like the peaks of Zaphon is Mount Zion, the city of the great King.
Here: Festive, outward gladness, the joy of celebration. Zion is the thing all the earth rejoices over, or the source of its joy.
Isaiah · 10
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Isaiah 8:6 וּמְשׂ֥וֹשׂ and rejoicing
“Because this people has rejected the gently flowing waters of Shiloah and rejoiced in Rezin and the son of Remaliah,
Here: A noun ('exultation') used where a verb would be expected, which makes the syntax rough. It is festive, celebratory joy, the word Isaiah uses elsewhere for a city's gladness (24:8; 60:15; 65:18).
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Isaiah 24:8 מְשׂ֣וֹשׂ מְשׂ֥וֹשׂ [the] gaiety of
The joyful tambourines have ceased; the noise of revelers has stopped; the joyful harp is silent.
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Isaiah 24:11 מְשׂ֥וֹשׂ [the] gaiety of
In the streets they cry out for wine. All joy turns to gloom; rejoicing is exiled from the land.
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Isaiah 32:13 מָשׂ֔וֹשׂ joy
and for the land of my people, overgrown with thorns and briers—even for every house of merriment in this city of revelry.
Here: Celebration that can be seen and heard. Verse 14 bitterly reuses the same word: the city becomes the 'māśôś of wild donkeys'. Human joy gives way to the joy of wild animals.
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Isaiah 32:14 מְשׂ֥וֹשׂ a joy of
For the palace will be forsaken, the busy city abandoned. The hill and the watchtower will become caves forever—the delight of wild donkeys and a pasture for flocks—
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Isaiah 60:15 מְשׂ֖וֹשׂ a joy of
Whereas you have been forsaken and despised, with no one passing through, I will make you an everlasting pride, a joy from age to age.
Here: Something that causes celebration. Jerusalem was famed as 'the joy of all the earth' (Ps 48:2), a title flung back at her in mockery after her fall (Lam 2:15). Here the title is given back to her.
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Isaiah 62:5 וּמְשׂ֤וֹשׂ and [the] joy of
For as a young man marries a young woman, so your sons will marry you; and as a bridegroom rejoices over his bride, so your God will rejoice over you.
Here: Exultant, celebratory joy, the kind heard at festivals and weddings. It shares a root with the verb 'rejoice' later in the line, so the Hebrew reads 'with the rejoicing of a bridegroom… will rejoice'.
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Isaiah 65:18 מָשֽׂוֹשׂ׃ rejoicing
But be glad and rejoice forever in what I create; for I will create Jerusalem to be a joy and its people to be a delight.
Here: Same root as sisu at the start. The people become exultation itself, the object others rejoice over. Zion was once 'the joy (masos) of the whole earth' (Ps 48:2), and the mockers of Lam 2:15 threw that title back at the ruined city.
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Isaiah 66:10 מָשׂ֔וֹשׂ exultation
Be glad for Jerusalem and rejoice over her, all who love her. Rejoice greatly with her, all who mourn over her,
Here: A noun from the same root as the verb before it, so literally 'exult with her an exultation'. Hebrew repeats a root this way for emphasis: 'rejoice with an overflowing joy'. Earlier, masos was the word for what Jerusalem had lost (Lamentations 2:15; 5:15).
Jeremiah · 1
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Jeremiah 49:25 מְשׂוֹשִֽׂי׃ joy my
How is the city of praise not forsaken, the town that brings Me joy?
Lamentations · 2
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Lamentations 2:15 מָשׂ֖וֹשׂ a joy
All who pass by clap their hands at you in scorn. They hiss and shake their heads at the Daughter of Jerusalem: “Is this the city that was called the perfection of beauty, the joy of all the earth?”
Here: “A joy”: an object of festive delight, something whole peoples celebrate. The words are quoted from Psalm 48:2.
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Lamentations 5:15 מְשׂ֣וֹשׂ [the] joy of
Joy has left our hearts; our dancing has turned to mourning.
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 24:25 מְשׂ֖וֹשׂ [the] joy of
And you, son of man, know that on the day I take away their stronghold, their pride and joy—the desire of their eyes which uplifted their souls—and their sons and daughters as well,
Hosea · 1
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Hosea 2:11 מְשׂוֹשָׂ֔הּ gaiety her
I will put an end to all her exultation: her feasts, New Moons, and Sabbaths—all her appointed feasts.
Here: The loud, public joy of festival days: music, feasting, wine, dancing. It is the heading for the list. What ends is the celebration itself, and the holy days are where it happened.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.