Hebrew word · H5137

נָזָה

vehizah

to sprinkle

Basic stem: liquid spurts or spatters (blood on a garment, 2 Kgs 9:33; Isa 63:3). Causative stem (the form used here): to sprinkle blood, oil or water as a priestly act of purification or consecration (Lev 4:6, 17; 8:11; 14:7, 16, 51; 16:14–19; Num 19:18–21).

Appears 24 times in 22 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) to spurt, spatter, sprinkle

1a) (Qal) to spurt, spatter

1b) (Hiphil) to cause to spurt, sprinkle upon

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 52:15

Range of meaning

Basic stem: liquid spurts or spatters (blood on a garment, 2 Kgs 9:33; Isa 63:3). Causative stem (the form used here): to sprinkle blood, oil or water as a priestly act of purification or consecration (Lev 4:6, 17; 8:11; 14:7, 16, 51; 16:14–19; Num 19:18–21). Some scholars posit a second, homonymous root meaning 'leap, spring up', linked to an Arabic verb nazā 'leap'. In the causative this would mean 'make leap' and so 'startle'.

Against the English

KJV, ESV, NASB, NIV and BSB have 'sprinkle'. NRSV, NLT, NJPS and several others have 'startle'. WEB's 'cleanse' turns the sprinkling picture into its result. LXX has 'marvel'.

How it drifted

The English hasn't drifted so much as split: translators genuinely disagree on what the Hebrew word means here. Readers of one English version seldom learn the other option exists.

Used elsewhere in the period

About 20 uses in the priestly laws, all meaning sprinkling. In every one the liquid is the direct object and the person or thing sprinkled is introduced by 'upon' (ʿal). Here 'nations' is the direct object and no liquid is mentioned, and that is the grammatical problem. Septuagint: thaumasontai, 'they will marvel'. Aquila and Theodotion are reported as having 'he will sprinkle' (rhantisei). Vulgate: asperget, 'he will sprinkle'. The Aramaic Targum has 'he will scatter many peoples'.

From the study of Leviticus 14:7

Range of meaning

In the causative (hiphil) stem: sprinkle or spatter a liquid (blood, water, oil) by flicking it with a finger or a sprinkler. Used almost only in priestly ritual texts.

Against the English

'Sprinkle' is accurate. Readers should picture deliberate drops flicked a fixed number of times, not a general washing.

Used elsewhere in the period

Lev 4:6, 17 and 16:14–19 (blood sprinkled seven times before the curtain and on the altar); Lev 14:16, 27 (oil sprinkled seven times before the LORD); Num 19:18–21 (water of purification sprinkled on a person defiled by a corpse); Isa 52:15 (debated sense 'he will sprinkle many nations').

From the study of Leviticus 14:27

Range of meaning

In its causative form, to sprinkle or spatter a liquid (blood, water, oil) in drops, usually with the finger or a hyssop bundle. It is distinct from zaraq, which means to toss liquid in quantity from a bowl, typically blood against the altar.

Against the English

'Sprinkle' is a fair rendering. 'Spatter' or 'flick' gets closer to the physical action: separate drops thrown off a dipped finger, counted one by one, not a light, general scattering.

Used elsewhere in the period

Used for blood sprinkled seven times before the veil in the purification offering (Lev 4:6, 17) and on and before the ark's cover on the Day of Atonement (16:14–15). Oil is sprinkled seven times on the altar at the priests' ordination (8:11), and the water of purification is sprinkled in Num 19:18–21. The Septuagint usually translates it with rhainō or prosrhainō, 'to sprinkle'. Isa 52:15 ('so shall he sprinkle many nations') is a famously debated use.

Where it appears

Exodus · 1
  1. Exodus 29:21 וְהִזֵּיתָ֤ and you will spatter [it]

    And take some of the blood on the altar and some of the anointing oil and sprinkle it on Aaron and his garments, as well as on his sons and their garments. Then he and his garments will be consecrated, as well as his sons and their garments.

Leviticus · 15
  1. Leviticus 4:6 וְהִזָּ֨ה and he will spatter

    The priest is to dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle some of it seven times before the LORD, in front of the veil of the sanctuary.

  2. Leviticus 4:17 וְהִזָּ֞ה and he will spatter [it]

    and he is to dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle it seven times before the LORD in front of the veil.

  3. Leviticus 5:9 וְהִזָּ֞ה and he will spatter

    then he is to sprinkle some of the blood of the sin offering on the side of the altar, while the rest of the blood is drained out at the base of the altar. It is a sin offering.

    Here: "And he shall spatter": the priest (from v. 8) makes blood fly in drops onto the altar. This verb is the one used for blood rites in the sin offering, and it differs from the heavier "dash" or "toss" of the burnt and peace offerings.

  4. Leviticus 6:27 יִזֶּ֤ה יִזֶּ֣ה he will spatter

    Anything that touches its flesh will become holy, and if any of the blood is spattered on a garment, you must wash it in a holy place.

  5. Leviticus 8:11 וַיַּ֥ז and he spattered

    He sprinkled some of the oil on the altar seven times, anointing the altar and all its utensils, and the basin with its stand, to consecrate them.

  6. Leviticus 8:30 וַיַּ֤ז and he spattered [it]

    Next, Moses took some of the anointing oil and some of the blood that was on the altar and sprinkled them on Aaron and his garments, and on his sons and their garments. So he consecrated Aaron and his garments, as well as Aaron’s sons and their garments.

  7. Leviticus 14:7 וְהִזָּ֗ה and he will spatter [it]

    Seven times he shall sprinkle the one to be cleansed of the skin disease. Then he shall pronounce him clean and release the live bird into the open field.

    Here: The priest flicks the liquid (blood of the slaughtered bird mixed with fresh running water, v. 5–6) onto the person, using the bundle of live bird, cedar, scarlet yarn and hyssop as a sprinkler. The verb describes drops being spattered, not pouring or washing.

  8. Leviticus 14:16 וְהִזָּ֨ה and he will spatter

    dip his right forefinger into the oil in his left palm, and sprinkle some of the oil with his finger seven times before the LORD.

  9. Leviticus 14:27 וְהִזָּ֤ה and he will spatter

    and sprinkle with his right forefinger some of the oil in his left palm seven times before the LORD.

    Here: A causative form meaning to make liquid fly off in drops, flicked from the finger. The 'and' joins it to the previous step (pouring oil into the palm, v.26). In the grammar of ritual instructions it reads as a fixed procedure: 'he shall then spatter'.

  10. Leviticus 14:51 וְהִזָּ֥ה and he will spatter [it]

    Then he shall take the cedar wood, the hyssop, the scarlet yarn, and the live bird, dip them in the blood of the slaughtered bird and the fresh water, and sprinkle the house seven times.

  11. Leviticus 16:14 וְהִזָּ֧ה יַזֶּ֧ה and he will spatter [it], he will spatter

    And he is to take some of the bull’s blood and sprinkle it with his finger on the east side of the mercy seat; then he shall sprinkle some of it with his finger seven times before the mercy seat.

    Here: "And he shall spatter." This causative form of nazah means to flick drops of liquid. It is a small, precise action, different from dashing blood out of a bowl.

  12. Leviticus 16:15 וְהִזָּ֥ה and he will spatter

    Aaron shall then slaughter the goat for the sin offering for the people and bring its blood behind the veil, and with its blood he must do as he did with the bull’s blood: He is to sprinkle it against the mercy seat and in front of it.

    Here: To flick small amounts of liquid with the finger (16:14 says 'with his finger'). This is different from 'dashing' blood out of a bowl against the outer altar. It is precise, counted, small-scale contact.

  13. Leviticus 16:19 וְהִזָּ֨ה and he will spatter

    He is to sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and consecrate it from the uncleanness of the Israelites.

Numbers · 5
  1. Numbers 8:7 הַזֵּ֥ה spatter

    This is what you must do to cleanse them: Sprinkle them with the water of purification. Have them shave their whole bodies and wash their clothes, and so purify themselves.

    Here: Spatter or flick liquid in drops. This is the technical verb for applying purifying liquid in the rites (Lev 14:7; Num 19:18–19). The supplied data parses it as a command. The same form can also be an infinitive used as a command, and the meaning is the same either way: Moses himself does the sprinkling.

  2. Numbers 19:4 וְהִזָּ֞ה and he will spatter

    Eleazar the priest is to take some of its blood on his finger and sprinkle it seven times toward the front of the Tent of Meeting.

  3. Numbers 19:18 וְהִזָּ֤ה and he will spatter [it]

    Then a man who is ceremonially clean is to take some hyssop, dip it in the water, and sprinkle the tent, all the furnishings, and the people who were there. He is also to sprinkle the one who touched a bone, a grave, or a person who has died or been slain.

    Here: A causative form, 'make it spatter'. He flicks drops from the hyssop onto the targets. It is the technical verb for applying purifying liquid or blood by drops.

  4. Numbers 19:19 וְהִזָּ֤ה and he will spatter [it]

    The man who is ceremonially clean is to sprinkle the unclean person on the third day and on the seventh day. After he purifies the unclean person on the seventh day, the one being cleansed must wash his clothes and bathe in water, and that evening he will be clean.

    Here: "And he shall spatter [it]." The verb form means "cause drops to fly": the clean man flicks the water off the hyssop bundle (v.18) onto the person. The object, the purification water, is understood from the previous verse.

  5. Numbers 19:21 וּמַזֵּ֤ה and [the] [one who] spatters

    This is a permanent statute for the people: The one who sprinkles the water of purification must wash his clothes, and whoever touches the water of purification will be unclean until evening.

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 9:33 וַיִּ֨ז and it spattered

    “Throw her down!” yelled Jehu. So they threw her down, and her blood splattered on the wall and on the horses as they trampled her underfoot.

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 52:15 יַזֶּה֙ he will startle

    so He will sprinkle many nations. Kings will shut their mouths because of Him. For they will see what they have not been told, and they will understand what they have not heard.

    Here: The disputed word of the verse. Everywhere else this causative form means a priest sprinkling blood, oil or water to purify or consecrate. Here the grammar and the parallel with 'appalled' in v.14 lead many to read a rare second sense, 'make leap up', meaning 'startle'. The supplied data takes this second sense ('he will startle'). See Studies and Debates.

  2. Isaiah 63:3 וְיֵ֤ז and it spattered

    “I have trodden the winepress alone, and no one from the nations was with Me. I trampled them in My anger and trod them down in My fury; their blood spattered My garments, and all My clothes were stained.

    Here: “And it spatters.” This is the verb for sprinkling sacrificial blood or water in ritual. Here it pictures juice spurting up from crushed grapes onto the treader's clothes.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.