Hebrew word · H5227
נֹ֫כַח
nokhach
before
A word of place meaning "in front of, opposite, straight ahead." It comes from a root meaning "be in front, be straight." The related adjective nākōaḥ means "straight, right, honest" (Prov 8:9; 24:26 has nəkōḥîm for "honest words"; Isa 26:10; 30:10; 59:14 "uprightness cannot enter").
Appears 25 times in 24 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
subst
1) be in front of
adv
2) in front of, opposite to, in the sight of, before, to the front, right on
prep
3) towards the front of, in front of, on behalf of, as far as in front of
Also means: ne.khach (נֵכַח "before" H5226)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Proverbs 4:25
- Range of meaning
A word of place meaning "in front of, opposite, straight ahead." It comes from a root meaning "be in front, be straight." The related adjective nākōaḥ means "straight, right, honest" (Prov 8:9; 24:26 has nəkōḥîm for "honest words"; Isa 26:10; 30:10; 59:14 "uprightness cannot enter").
- Against the English
English "ahead" or "forward" gives only the direction. The Hebrew word comes from a family that also means "right" and "honest," so "straight ahead" here suggests "toward what is straight" in a moral sense as well.
- How it drifted
BSB and others render it "forward." Modern English easily hears that in terms of time ("look forward," "move forward from your past"), a meaning the Hebrew word never has.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Used for things set directly opposite something (Exod 26:35; Ezek 46:9, going "straight ahead" out of a gate without turning). The Greek Septuagint (LXX) translates the line as ὀρθὰ βλεπέτωσαν, "let them look at right/straight things," so it took up the moral sense.
From the study of Proverbs 5:21
- Range of meaning
A preposition or adverb meaning "in front of, straight opposite, facing." It is related to nakhoach, "straight, right in front" (Proverbs 4:25, "let your eyes look straight ahead").
- Against the English
"Before the eyes" (BSB, KJV, WEB) is right. NIV's "in full view" captures the force well. YLT's "over-against" is literal but sounds archaic.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Used for things set squarely facing something, such as the table "opposite" the lampstand (Exodus 26:35). Proverbs 4:25 uses a word from the same family for looking straight ahead.
- Range of meaning
In front of, opposite, facing, straight ahead. It can also mean in full view of, before someone's face.
- Against the English
KJV 'over against' and BSB 'across from'/'facing' convey it well. WEB's 'next to' loses the sense of facing and line of sight. Several modern versions say 'in front of.'
- Used elsewhere in the period
Used for things set opposite each other, for example the table 'opposite' the lampstand (Exod 26:35), and for what is before the eyes (Prov 4:25, 'let your eyelids look straight before you').
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 25:21 לְנֹ֣כַח to before
Later, Isaac prayed to the LORD on behalf of his wife, because she was barren. And the LORD heard his prayer, and his wife Rebekah conceived.
Here: Normally a word of place: "facing, opposite, in front of." Here it most likely means "about" or "on behalf of" his wife, keeping a picture of Isaac pleading with her plight in front of him. A literal "in her presence" is also possible (see debates).
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Genesis 30:38 לְנֹ֣כַח to before
Then he set the peeled branches in the watering troughs in front of the flocks coming in to drink. So when the flocks were in heat and came to drink,
Exodus · 3
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Exodus 14:2 נִכְח֥וֹ opposite it
“Tell the Israelites to turn back and encamp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea. You are to encamp by the sea, directly opposite Baal-zephon.
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Exodus 26:35 נֹ֣כַח opposite to
And place the table outside the veil on the north side of the tabernacle, and put the lampstand opposite the table, on the south side.
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Exodus 40:24 נֹ֖כַח opposite to
He also placed the lampstand in the Tent of Meeting opposite the table on the south side of the tabernacle
Numbers · 1
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Numbers 19:4 נֹ֨כַח before
Eleazar the priest is to take some of its blood on his finger and sprinkle it seven times toward the front of the Tent of Meeting.
Joshua · 2
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Joshua 15:7 נֹ֙כַח֙ [is] opposite
Then the border went up to Debir from the Valley of Achor, turning north to Gilgal, which faces the Ascent of Adummim south of the ravine. It continued along the waters of En-shemesh and came out at En-rogel.
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Joshua 18:17 נֹ֖כַח [is] opposite
From there it curved northward and proceeded to En-shemesh and on to Geliloth facing the Ascent of Adummim, and continued down to the Stone of Bohan son of Reuben.
Here: "Facing" or "across from". Geliloth is pinned down by the well-known road climb it looks across to.
Judges · 3
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Judges 18:6 נֹ֣כַח [is] before
And the priest told them, “Go in peace. The LORD is watching over your journey.”
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Judges 19:10 נֹ֣כַח opposite
But the man was unwilling to spend the night. He got up and departed, and arrived opposite Jebus (that is, Jerusalem), with his two saddled donkeys and his concubine.
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Judges 20:43 נֹ֥כַח opposite
They surrounded the Benjamites, pursued them, and easily overtook them in the vicinity of Gibeah on the east.
1 Kings · 2
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1 Kings 20:29 נֹ֥כַח opposite to
For seven days the armies camped opposite each other, and on the seventh day the battle ensued, and the Israelites struck down the Arameans—a hundred thousand foot soldiers in one day.
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1 Kings 22:35 נֹ֣כַח opposite to
The battle raged throughout that day, and the king was propped up in his chariot facing the Arameans. And the blood from his wound ran out onto the floor of the chariot, and that evening he died.
2 Chronicles · 1
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2 Chronicles 18:34 נֹ֥כַח opposite to
The battle raged throughout that day, and the king of Israel propped himself up in his chariot facing the Arameans until evening. And at sunset he died.
Esther · 2
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Esther 5:1 נֹ֖כַח נֹ֖כַח before
On the third day, Esther put on her royal robes and stood in the inner court of the palace across from the king’s quarters. The king was sitting on his royal throne in the royal courtroom, facing the entrance.
Here: Facing, in line of sight. She stands where she can be seen from the throne hall, and the word sets up the face-to-face staging of the scene.
Proverbs · 2
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Proverbs 4:25 לְנֹ֣כַח <to> before
Let your eyes look forward; fix your gaze straight ahead.
Here: "Toward what is straight in front." The word is related to nākōaḥ, "straight, right, upright" (Prov 8:9). So it means both "dead ahead" and, faintly, "toward what is right." The contrast is with looking off to the sides, not with looking back.
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Proverbs 5:21 נֹ֨כַח׀ before
For a man’s ways are before the eyes of the LORD, and the LORD examines all his paths.
Here: Literally "right opposite, face-to-face with." A man's ways are not just somewhere God might see them. They lie squarely in his line of sight. The vertical stroke after it is a reading mark that tells the reader to pause briefly.
Jeremiah · 1
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Jeremiah 17:16 נֹ֥כַח before
But I have not run away from being Your shepherd; I have not desired the day of despair. You know that the utterance of my lips was spoken in Your presence.
Here: Right in front of, directly facing. Nothing was said behind God's back.
Lamentations · 1
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Lamentations 2:19 נֹ֖כַח before
Arise, cry out in the night from the first watch of the night. Pour out your heart like water in the presence of the Lord. Lift up your hands to Him for the lives of your children who are fainting from hunger on the corner of every street.
Here: Directly opposite, face to face. The plea is not sent from far off. It is poured out right in front of God.
Ezekiel · 5
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Ezekiel 14:3 נֹ֣כַח before
“Son of man, these men have set up idols in their hearts and put wicked stumbling blocks before their faces. Should I consult with them in any way?
Here: 'Straight in front of' them, directly in their line of sight. It is what they keep looking at and steering by.
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Ezekiel 14:4 נֹ֣כַח before
Therefore speak to them and tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘When any Israelite sets up idols in his heart and puts a wicked stumbling block before his face, and then comes to the prophet, I the LORD will answer him according to his great idolatry,
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Ezekiel 14:7 נֹ֣כַח before
For when any Israelite or any foreigner dwelling in Israel separates himself from Me, sets up idols in his heart, and puts a wicked stumbling block before his face, and then comes to the prophet to inquire of Me, I the LORD will answer him Myself.
Here: 'Squarely in front of'. The obstacle is right before his eyes.
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Ezekiel 46:9 נִכְח֖וֹ opposite it
When the people of the land come before the LORD at the appointed feasts, whoever enters by the north gate to worship must go out by the south gate, and whoever enters by the south gate must go out by the north gate. No one is to return through the gate by which he entered, but each must go out by the opposite gate.
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Ezekiel 47:20 נֹ֖כַח opposite
And on the west side, the Great Sea will be the boundary up to a point opposite Lebo-hamath. This will be the western boundary.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.