Hebrew word · H5516
סִיסְרָא
sisera'
Sisera
Personal name. It is not Semitic. Proposed origins include Luwian or Hittite (Anatolian), Hurrian, or the Sea Peoples, the groups that settled the Levant coast around 1200 BCE, including the Philistines.
Appears 21 times in 19 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
A man living before Israel's Monarchy, first mentioned at Jdg.4.2
§ Sisera = "battle array"
1) the conquering general under king Jabin of Hazor and slain by Jael
2) ancestor of a family of temple slaves who returned from exile with Zerubbabel
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Personal name. It is not Semitic. Proposed origins include Luwian or Hittite (Anatolian), Hurrian, or the Sea Peoples, the groups that settled the Levant coast around 1200 BCE, including the Philistines.
- Against the English
All versions transliterate it as 'Sisera'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Judges 4–5; 1 Sam 12:9; Ps 83:9. The name 'Sisera' also appears among temple servants returning after the exile (Ezra 2:53; Neh 7:55), probably descendants of foreigners.
From the study of Nehemiah 7:55
- Range of meaning
A personal name. Elsewhere it belongs only to the commander of Jabin's army, killed by Jael (Judges 4–5; 1 Sam 12:9; Ps 83:9). Its origin is debated. Proposals include a non-Semitic name from the Sea Peoples, Luwian, or Hurrian, as well as Semitic derivations. None is certain.
- Against the English
Every English version has 'Sisera'. Readers may automatically connect it with the general in Judges. The text makes no such connection.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Judges 4:2–22; 5:20–30. Later rabbinic tradition said that descendants of Sisera studied (or taught) Torah in Jerusalem (Babylonian Talmud, Gittin 57b; Sanhedrin 96b). It used this as an example of foreigners' descendants joining Israel.
Where it appears
Judges · 17
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Judges 4:2 סִֽיסְרָ֔א Sisera
So the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor. The commander of his forces was Sisera, who lived in Harosheth-hagoyim.
Here: The name is not Semitic, so it is probably foreign to Canaan itself (Luwian/Anatolian or Sea-Peoples origin have been proposed). The general, not the king, turns out to be the real opponent in the story.
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Judges 4:7 סִֽיסְרָא֙ Sisera
And I will draw out Sisera the commander of Jabin’s army, his chariots, and his troops to the River Kishon, and I will deliver him into your hand.’”
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Judges 4:9 סִֽיסְרָ֑א Sisera
“I will certainly go with you,” Deborah replied, “but the road you are taking will bring you no honor, because the LORD will be selling Sisera into the hand of a woman.” So Deborah got up and went with Barak to Kedesh,
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Judges 4:12 לְסִֽיסְרָ֑א to Sisera
When Sisera was told that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up Mount Tabor,
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Judges 4:13 סִֽיסְרָ֜א Sisera
he summoned all nine hundred of his iron chariots and all the men with him, from Harosheth-hagoyim to the River Kishon.
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Judges 4:14 סִֽיסְרָא֙ Sisera
Then Deborah said to Barak, “Arise, for this is the day that the LORD has delivered Sisera into your hand. Has not the LORD gone before you?” So Barak came down from Mount Tabor with ten thousand men following him.
Here: Commander of Jabin's army, with 900 iron chariots (4:3, 13). The name is probably not Semitic, perhaps from one of the Sea Peoples or from Hurrian. He alone is named as the one handed over, standing for his whole force.
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Judges 4:15 סִֽיסְרָ֨א סִֽיסְרָ֛א Sisera
And in front of him the LORD routed with the sword Sisera, all his charioteers, and all his army. Sisera abandoned his chariot and fled on foot.
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Judges 4:16 סִֽיסְרָא֙ Sisera
Then Barak pursued the chariots and army as far as Harosheth-hagoyim, and the whole army of Sisera fell by the sword; not a single man was left.
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Judges 4:17 וְסִֽיסְרָא֙ and Sisera
Meanwhile, Sisera had fled on foot to the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, because there was peace between Jabin king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite.
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Judges 4:18 סִֽיסְרָא֒ Sisera
Jael went out to greet Sisera and said to him, “Come in, my lord. Come in with me. Do not be afraid.” So he entered her tent, and she covered him with a blanket.
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Judges 4:22 סִֽיסְרָא֒ סִֽיסְרָא֙ Sisera
When Barak arrived in pursuit of Sisera, Jael went out to greet him and said to him, “Come, and I will show you the man you are seeking.” So he went in with her, and there lay Sisera dead, with a tent peg through his temple.
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Judges 5:20 סִיסְרָֽא׃ Sisera
From the heavens the stars fought; from their courses they fought against Sisera.
Here: Commander of the Canaanite chariot army under Jabin (Judg 4:2–3). His name is not Semitic, and he is the one human target named in the verse. The whole sky turns against one general.
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Judges 5:26 סִֽיסְרָא֙ Sisera
She reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workman’s hammer. She struck Sisera and crushed his skull; she shattered and pierced his temple.
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Judges 5:28 סִֽיסְרָ֖א Sisera
Sisera’s mother looked through the window; she peered through the lattice and lamented: ‘Why is his chariot so long in coming? What has delayed the clatter of his chariots?’
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Judges 5:30 לְסִ֣יסְרָ֔א for Sisera
‘Are they not finding and dividing the spoil—a girl or two for each warrior, a plunder of dyed garments for Sisera, the spoil of embroidered garments for the neck of the looter?’
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 12:9 סִֽיסְרָא֩ Sisera
But they forgot the LORD their God, and He sold them into the hand of Sisera the commander of the army of Hazor, and into the hands of the Philistines and the king of Moab, who fought against them.
Here: The Canaanite war leader of Judges 4–5, whose chariots oppressed northern Israel. The name does not look Hebrew or Canaanite, and its origin is uncertain.
Ezra · 1
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Ezra 2:53 סִֽיסְרָ֖א Sisera
the descendants of Barkos, the descendants of Sisera, the descendants of Temah,
Nehemiah · 1
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Nehemiah 7:55 סִֽיסְרָ֖א Sisera
the descendants of Barkos, the descendants of Sisera, the descendants of Temah,
Here: A family head of the temple servants. The name is spelled the same as that of the Canaanite general in Judges 4–5. It is probably not a Hebrew name, and it fits the foreign look of many names in this list.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 83:9 כְּֽסִֽיסְרָ֥א like Sisera
Do to them as You did to Midian, as to Sisera and Jabin at the River Kishon,
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.