Hebrew word · H5944

עֲלִיָּה

'aliyat

upper room

From ʿalah, "to go up." Its usual meaning is an upper storey or roof chamber (Judg 3:20; 2 Kgs 4:10; 2 Sam 18:33 [19:1 in Hebrew]; Ps 104:3, 13). "Ascent" or "way up" is proposed only for this verse.

Appears 20 times in 20 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

roof-room, roof chamber

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of 2 Chronicles 9:4

Range of meaning

From ʿalah, "to go up." Its usual meaning is an upper storey or roof chamber (Judg 3:20; 2 Kgs 4:10; 2 Sam 18:33 [19:1 in Hebrew]; Ps 104:3, 13). "Ascent" or "way up" is proposed only for this verse.

Against the English

KJV and WEB: "his ascent by which he went up." NASB: a stairway. BSB, YLT, ESV, NIV and NLT: "burnt offering(s)" that he offered, following 1 Kings 10:5 and the ancient versions.

Used elsewhere in the period

In 1 Kings 10:5 the Hebrew text has ʿolatô, "his burnt offering," with the same following verb. The Greek Septuagint of Chronicles reads holokautōmata, "whole burnt offerings," and the Vulgate reads victimas, "sacrificial victims." Elsewhere, 1 Chronicles 26:16 mentions a "causeway going up" (mesillah ha-ʿolah) at a temple gate, and 2 Kings 16:18 mentions a special royal entrance to the temple, so a royal route up to the temple did exist.

From the study of Psalm 104:13

Range of meaning

A roof chamber or upper storey: a cool room on top of a house, used for guests or private retreat (Judg 3:20; 1 Kgs 17:19; 2 Kgs 4:10). Applied to God, his dwelling high above the sky (Ps 104:3; Amos 9:6 has a related word, ma'alot).

Against the English

BSB/KJV 'chambers' is vague and can suggest bedrooms or council halls. NIV/NASB 'upper rooms/chambers' and YLT 'upper chambers' keep the roof-room picture.

How it drifted

In older English 'chamber' meant any private room. Today it mostly suggests a legislature or a bedroom, and the sense of height is gone.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ps 104:3: God 'lays the beams of his upper rooms in the waters.' This draws on the picture of waters above the sky-dome (Gen 1:7) and rain released through 'windows of heaven' (Gen 7:11; Mal 3:10). In the Ugaritic Baal cycle (Late Bronze Age), the storm god's palace gets a window through which he sends rain and thunder (KTU 1.4 V–VII).

Where it appears

Judges · 4
  1. Judges 3:20 בַּעֲלִיַּ֨ת in [the] roof chamber of

    Then Ehud approached him while he was sitting alone in the coolness of his upper room. “I have a word from God for you,” Ehud said, and the king rose from his seat.

  2. Judges 3:23 הָעַלִיָּ֛ה the roof chamber

    Then Ehud went out through the porch, closing and locking the doors of the upper room behind him.

  3. Judges 3:24 הָעֲלִיָּ֖ה the roof chamber

    After Ehud was gone, Eglon’s servants came in and found the doors of the upper room locked. “He must be relieving himself in the cool room,” they said.

  4. Judges 3:25 הָֽעֲלִיָּ֑ה the roof chamber

    So they waited until they became worried and saw that he had still not opened the doors of the upper room. Then they took the key and opened the doors—and there was their lord lying dead on the floor.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 18:33 עֲלִיַּ֥ת [the] upper room of

    The king was shaken and went up to the chamber over the gate and wept. And as he walked, he cried out, “O my son Absalom! My son, my son Absalom! If only I had died instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!”

1 Kings · 2
  1. 1 Kings 17:19 הָעֲלִיָּ֗ה the upper room

    But Elijah said to her, “Give me your son.” So he took him from her arms, carried him to the upper room where he was staying, and laid him on his own bed.

  2. 1 Kings 17:23 הָעֲלִיָּה֙ the upper room

    Then Elijah took the child, brought him down from the upper room into the house, and gave him to his mother. “Look, your son is alive,” Elijah declared.

2 Kings · 4
  1. 2 Kings 1:2 בַּעֲלִיָּת֛וֹ in upper room his

    Now Ahaziah had fallen through the lattice of his upper room in Samaria and injured himself. So he sent messengers and instructed them: “Go inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I will recover from this injury.”

    Here: "In his upper room": a room built on the flat roof, usually the coolest and most private room in the house. Because it sat high up, a fall from it could be deadly.

  2. 2 Kings 4:10 עֲלִיַּת־ an upper room of

    Please let us make a small room upstairs and put in it a bed, a table, a chair, and a lamp for him. Then when he comes to us, he can stay there.”

  3. 2 Kings 4:11 הָעֲלִיָּ֖ה the upper room

    One day Elisha came to visit and went to his upper room to lie down.

  4. 2 Kings 23:12 עֲלִיַּ֨ת [the] upper room of

    He pulled down the altars that the kings of Judah had set up on the roof near the upper chamber of Ahaz, and the altars that Manasseh had set up in the two courtyards of the house of the LORD. The king pulverized them there and threw their dust into the Kidron Valley.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 28:11 וַעֲלִיֹּתָ֛יו and upper rooms its

    Then David gave his son Solomon the plans for the portico of the temple, its buildings, storehouses, upper rooms, inner rooms, and the room for the mercy seat.

    Here: Rooms on an upper level or on the roof. 2 Chronicles 3:9 says Solomon overlaid them with gold.

2 Chronicles · 2
  1. 2 Chronicles 3:9 וְהָעֲלִיּ֖וֹת and the upper rooms

    The weight of the nails was fifty shekels of gold. He also overlaid the upper rooms with gold.

  2. 2 Chronicles 9:4 וַעֲלִיָּת֔וֹ and upper room his

    the food at his table, the seating of his servants, the service and attire of his attendants, the attire of his cupbearers, and the burnt offerings he presented at the house of the LORD, it took her breath away.

    Here: "And his ascent" (as the consonants stand in Chronicles). The word normally means an upper or roof chamber. Here it is taken as "ascent," the way up from palace to temple, or else read as ʿolatô, "his burnt offering," as in 1 Kings 10:5. See the debates and textual notes.

Nehemiah · 2
  1. Nehemiah 3:31 עֲלִיַּ֥ת [the] roof-chamber of

    Next to him, Malchijah, one of the goldsmiths, made repairs as far as the house of the temple servants and the merchants, opposite the Inspection Gate, and as far as the upper room above the corner.

  2. Nehemiah 3:32 עֲלִיַּ֤ת [the] roof-chamber of

    And between the upper room above the corner and the Sheep Gate, the goldsmiths and merchants made repairs.

Psalms · 2
  1. Psalm 104:3 עֲֽלִיּ֫וֹתָ֥יו upper rooms his

    laying the beams of His chambers in the waters above, making the clouds His chariot, walking on the wings of the wind.

    Here: 'His upper rooms': the room built on a flat roof, the best room of a house, used by kings and honoured guests. God's private rooms are on the top floor of the universe. The same word comes back in v. 13, where he waters the mountains 'from his upper rooms.'

  2. Psalm 104:13 מֵעֲלִיּוֹתָ֑יו from upper rooms his

    He waters the mountains from His chambers; the earth is satisfied by the fruit of His works.

    Here: An 'aliyyah is a room built on a house's flat roof. These are the same 'upper rooms' God built on the waters above the sky in v. 3. Rain comes down from the top floor of God's cosmic house.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 22:13 וַעֲלִיּוֹתָ֖יו and upper rooms his

    “Woe to him who builds his palace by unrighteousness, and his upper rooms without justice, who makes his countrymen serve without pay, and fails to pay their wages,

    Here: 'And his upper rooms': the airy rooftop chambers that caught the breeze, a mark of wealth and comfort. Verse 14 calls them 'spacious'.

  2. Jeremiah 22:14 וַעֲלִיּ֖וֹת and upper rooms

    who says, ‘I will build myself a great palace, with spacious upper rooms.’ So he cuts windows in it, panels it with cedar, and paints it with vermilion.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.