Hebrew word · H6505
פֶּ֫רֶד
uferadim
mule
A mule, the sterile offspring of a male donkey and a mare. The feminine pirdah is a she-mule. Mules were valued as strong, sure-footed riding and pack animals and were linked with royalty and high rank (BDB, HALOT s.v.).
Appears 14 times in 12 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
mule
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
A mule, the sterile offspring of a male donkey and a mare. The feminine pirdah is a she-mule. Mules were valued as strong, sure-footed riding and pack animals and were linked with royalty and high rank (BDB, HALOT s.v.).
- Against the English
'Mules' is accurate in every version.
- Used elsewhere in the period
David's sons ride mules (2 Samuel 13:29). Absalom rides one (2 Samuel 18:9). Solomon is crowned riding David's own she-mule (1 Kings 1:33, 38). Mules are brought as tribute (1 Kings 10:25) and traded from Beth-togarmah (Ezekiel 27:14). Leviticus 19:19 forbids Israelites to crossbreed animals, so mules were most likely bought rather than bred at home.
From the study of Nehemiah 7:68
- Range of meaning
Mule (the female is פִּרְדָּה, pirdah), the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Used for riding and as a strong pack animal.
- Against the English
'Mules' is accurate. What English does not show is the status these animals carried in Israel.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Leviticus 19:19 forbids crossbreeding animals, so Israelites seem to have imported mules rather than bred them. Ezekiel 27:14 has Beth-togarmah trading horses and mules at Tyre. Kings' sons rode mules (2 Samuel 13:29), Absalom rode one (2 Samuel 18:9), and Solomon was put on David's mule when he was proclaimed king (1 Kings 1:33). Mules came as tribute to Solomon (1 Kings 10:25).
Where it appears
2 Samuel · 4
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2 Samuel 13:29 פִּרְדּ֖וֹ mule his
So Absalom’s young men did to Amnon just as Absalom had ordered. Then all the other sons of the king got up, and each one fled on his mule.
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2 Samuel 18:9 הַפֶּ֗רֶד הַפֶּ֡רֶד וְהַפֶּ֥רֶד the mule, and the mule
Now Absalom was riding on his mule when he met the servants of David, and as the mule went under the thick branches of a large oak, Absalom’s head was caught fast in the tree. The mule under him kept going, so that he was suspended in midair.
1 Kings · 2
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1 Kings 10:25 וּפְרָדִ֑ים and mules
Year after year, each visitor would bring his tribute: articles of silver and gold, clothing, weapons, spices, horses, and mules.
Here: Mules were royal mounts in Israel (David's mule in 1 Kgs 1:33, the king's sons in 2 Sam 13:29). Leviticus 19:19 forbade crossbreeding animals, so Israel had to import them, which made them prized.
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1 Kings 18:5 וָפֶ֔רֶד and mule
Then Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go throughout the land to every spring and every valley. Perhaps we will find grass to keep the horses and mules alive so that we will not have to destroy any livestock.”
2 Kings · 1
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2 Kings 5:17 פְּרָדִ֖ים mules
“If you will not,” said Naaman, “please let me, your servant, be given as much soil as a pair of mules can carry. For your servant will never again make a burnt offering or a sacrifice to any other god but the LORD.
1 Chronicles · 1
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1 Chronicles 12:40 וּבַפְּרָדִ֣ים׀ and on <the> mules
And their neighbors from as far away as Issachar, Zebulun, and Naphtali came bringing food on donkeys, camels, mules, and oxen—abundant supplies of flour, fig cakes and raisin cakes, wine and oil, oxen and sheep. Indeed, there was joy in Israel.
2 Chronicles · 1
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2 Chronicles 9:24 וּפְרָדִ֑ים and mules
Year after year, each visitor would bring his tribute: articles of silver and gold, clothing, weapons, spices, horses, and mules.
Ezra · 1
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Ezra 2:66 פִּרְדֵיהֶ֕ם mules their
They had 736 horses, 245 mules,
Here: The plural of pered, 'mule' (the cross between a donkey and a horse), with 'their' attached. It opens the second entry of the inventory, laid out the same way as the first.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 32:9 כְּפֶרֶד֮ like a mule
Do not be like the horse or mule, which have no understanding; they must be controlled with bit and bridle to make them come to you.
Here: 'Like a mule'. Placed side by side with 'like a horse' with no 'and' or 'or' between them, the two animals form one picture: a powerful animal that only goes where it is forced.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 66:20 וּבַפְּרָדִ֜ים and on <the> mules
And they will bring all your brothers from all the nations as a gift to the LORD on horses and chariots and wagons, on mules and camels, to My holy mountain Jerusalem,” says the LORD, “just as the Israelites bring an offering in a clean vessel to the house of the LORD.”
Here: Mules were valued riding animals in Israel and were associated with royalty (David's sons and Solomon ride mules).
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 27:14 וּפְרָדִ֔ים and mules
The men of Beth-togarmah exchanged horses, war horses, and mules for your wares.
Zechariah · 1
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Zechariah 14:15 הַפֶּ֙רֶד֙ the mule
And a similar plague will strike the horses and mules, camels and donkeys, and all the animals in those camps.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.