Hebrew word · H6659
צָדוֹק
tzadok
Zadok
A personal name formed from the root ts-d-q, 'right, just, in proper order'. It means roughly 'righteous' or 'vindicated'.
Appears 53 times in 50 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Sa.8.17;
son of: Ahitub (H0285H);
father of: Ahimaaz (H0290H)
§ Zadok = "righteous"
1) the high priest, son of Ahitub of the house of Eleazar the son of Aaron, and 11th in descent from Aaron; joined David after Saul's death and supported him against Absalom and Adonijah; anointed Solomon as king
2) a priest, son of Meraioth, father of Meshullam of the house of Ahitub; apparently a nephew of 1
3) father of Jerusha, the wife of king Uzziah and mother of king Jotham of Judah
4) son of Baana and repairer of the wall of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah
5) son of Immer and repairer of the wall of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah
6) a leader of the people in the time of Nehemiah
7) a scribe appointed by Nehemiah as one of the treasurers over the storehouse
8) a valiant warrior of the tribe of Benjamin who joined David at Hebron. Same as 1?
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of 1 Chronicles 15:11
- Range of meaning
A personal name formed from the root ts-d-q, 'right, just, in proper order'. It means roughly 'righteous' or 'vindicated'.
- Against the English
English readers see only a name. Hebrew hearers would hear 'the righteous one'. Later tradition made much of that (Ezek 44:15; Qumran's 'sons of Zadok').
- Used elsewhere in the period
Zadok appears alongside Abiathar under David (2 Sam 8:17; 15:24–29; 20:25). He anoints Solomon (1 Kgs 1:39) and becomes sole chief priest (1 Kgs 2:35). His line holds the high priesthood into the Second Temple period (1 Chr 6:3–15; Ezra 7:1–5).
From the study of 1 Kings 2:35
- Range of meaning
A personal name from the root ts-d-q, 'to be right, just, in the right'. It means roughly 'just' or 'vindicated'.
- Against the English
English readers usually see only a name. Hebrew hearers would have heard the root of tsedeq/tsaddiq ('righteousness', 'righteous').
- Used elsewhere in the period
The same root appears in Jerusalem's pre-Israelite royal names, Melchizedek (Gen 14:18) and Adoni-zedek (Josh 10:1), which some scholars connect with Zadok (see debates). Zadok's line appears in the genealogies of 1 Chr 6:1–15 (Eng. 6:1–15; Heb 5:27–41) and 24:3, and gives its name to the later 'sons of Zadok', possibly to the Sadducees as well.
From the study of Ezekiel 43:19
- Range of meaning
Zadok was a priest under David, serving alongside Abiathar (2 Samuel 8:17; 15:24-29). He backed Solomon in the fight over the succession, and Solomon put him in Abiathar's place (1 Kings 1–2; 2:35). The "seed of Zadok" were the priestly family that controlled the Jerusalem temple from Solomon to 586 BCE. Chronicles traces his descent from Aaron through Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:1-15).
- Against the English
BSB, ESV and NIV say "family of Zadok", which smooths the Hebrew. KJV and YLT keep "seed", the more literal word for descent by birth. The meaning is the same.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Ezekiel 40:46; 44:15; 48:11 limit altar service to Zadokites, because they "kept my charge when Israel went astray". Later the Qumran community called its priests "sons of Zadok" (Community Rule 1QS 5:2, 9), and the Sadducees' name probably comes from Zadok. That shows the Zadokite title still carried authority centuries later.
Where it appears
2 Samuel · 14
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2 Samuel 8:17 וְצָד֧וֹק and Zadok
Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar were priests; Seraiah was the scribe;
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2 Samuel 15:24 צָד֜וֹק Zadok
Zadok was also there, and all the Levites with him were carrying the ark of the covenant of God. And they set down the ark of God, and Abiathar offered sacrifices until all the people had passed out of the city.
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2 Samuel 15:25 לְצָד֔וֹק to Zadok
Then the king said to Zadok, “Return the ark of God to the city. If I find favor in the eyes of the LORD, He will bring me back and let me see both it and His dwelling place again.
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2 Samuel 15:27 צָד֣וֹק Zadok
The king also said to Zadok the priest, “Are you not a seer? Return to the city in peace—you with your son Ahimaaz, and Abiathar with his son Jonathan.
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2 Samuel 15:29 צָד֧וֹק Zadok
So Zadok and Abiathar returned the ark of God to Jerusalem and stayed there.
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2 Samuel 15:35 צָד֥וֹק לְצָד֥וֹק [are] Zadok, to Zadok
Will not Zadok and Abiathar the priests be there with you? Report to them everything you hear from the king’s palace.
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2 Samuel 15:36 לְצָד֔וֹק of Zadok
Indeed, their two sons, Ahimaaz son of Zadok and Jonathan son of Abiathar, are there with them. Send them to me with everything you hear.”
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2 Samuel 17:15 צָד֤וֹק Zadok
So Hushai told Zadok and Abiathar, the priests, “This is what Ahithophel has advised Absalom and the elders of Israel, and this is what I have advised.
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2 Samuel 18:19 צָדוֹק֙ Zadok
Then Ahimaaz son of Zadok said, “Please let me run and tell the king the good news that the LORD has avenged him of his enemies.”
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2 Samuel 18:22 צָדוֹק֙ Zadok
Ahimaaz son of Zadok, however, persisted and said to Joab, “No matter what, please let me also run behind the Cushite!” “My son,” Joab replied, “why do you want to run, since you will not receive a reward?”
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2 Samuel 18:27 צָד֑וֹק Zadok
The watchman said, “The first man appears to me to be running like Ahimaaz son of Zadok.” “This is a good man,” said the king. “He comes with good news.”
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2 Samuel 19:11 צָד֨וֹק Zadok
Then King David sent this message to Zadok and Abiathar, the priests: “Say to the elders of Judah, ‘Why should you be the last to restore the king to his palace, since the talk of all Israel has reached the king at his quarters?
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2 Samuel 20:25 וְצָד֥וֹק and Zadok
Sheva was the scribe; Zadok and Abiathar were priests;
1 Kings · 11
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1 Kings 1:8 וְצָד֣וֹק and Zadok
But Zadok the priest, Benaiah son of Jehoiada, Nathan the prophet, Shimei, Rei, and David’s mighty men would not join Adonijah.
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1 Kings 1:26 וּלְצָדֹ֨ק and <to> Zadok
But me your servant he has not invited, nor Zadok the priest, nor Benaiah son of Jehoiada, nor your servant Solomon.
Here: Second name on the 'not invited' list. Zadok was one of David's two chief priests and the counterpart of Abiathar, who did attend Adonijah's feast (v. 25).
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1 Kings 1:32 לְצָד֤וֹק <to> Zadok
Then King David said, “Call in for me Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada.” So they came before the king.
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1 Kings 1:34 צָד֨וֹק Zadok
There Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet are to anoint him king over Israel. You are to blow the ram’s horn and declare, ‘Long live King Solomon!’
Here: One of David's two chief priests. The other, Abiathar, had sided with Adonijah (v. 7). Choosing Zadok decides which priestly house will serve the new king.
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1 Kings 1:38 צָד֣וֹק Zadok
Then Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada, along with the Cherethites and Pelethites, went down and set Solomon on King David’s mule, and they escorted him to Gihon.
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1 Kings 1:39 צָד֨וֹק Zadok
Zadok the priest took the horn of oil from the tabernacle and anointed Solomon. Then they blew the ram’s horn, and all the people proclaimed, “Long live King Solomon!”
Here: One of David's two leading priests (2 Samuel 8:17; 20:25). The other, Abiathar, had backed the rival claimant Adonijah (1:7), so Zadok acting here also marks which priestly house is on the winning side. The name comes from the root for being right or just.
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1 Kings 1:44 צָד֨וֹק Zadok
And with Solomon, the king has sent Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada, along with the Cherethites and Pelethites, and they have set him on the king’s mule.
Here: One of David's two leading priests (see 2 Samuel 8:17; 15:24-29). The other, Abiathar, had backed Adonijah (1 Kings 1:7). Jonathan is Abiathar's son, so he is telling Adonijah's party that the rival priest has won.
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1 Kings 1:45 צָד֣וֹק Zadok
Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king at Gihon, and they have gone up from there with rejoicing that rings out in the city. That is the noise you hear.
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1 Kings 2:35 צָד֤וֹק Zadok
And the king appointed Benaiah son of Jehoiada in Joab’s place over the army, and he appointed Zadok the priest in Abiathar’s place.
Here: One of David's two chief priests (2 Sam 8:17; 15:24–29; 20:25), who anointed Solomon king (1 Kgs 1:39). His line would hold the Jerusalem high priesthood for centuries.
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1 Kings 4:2 צָד֖וֹק Zadok
and these were his chief officials: Azariah son of Zadok was the priest;
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1 Kings 4:4 וְצָד֥וֹק and Zadok
Benaiah son of Jehoiada was in charge of the army; Zadok and Abiathar were priests;
2 Kings · 1
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2 Kings 15:33 צָדֽוֹק׃ Zadok
He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years. His mother’s name was Jerusha daughter of Zadok.
1 Chronicles · 15
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1 Chronicles 6:8 צָד֔וֹק וְצָד֖וֹק Zadok, and Zadok
Ahitub was the father of Zadok, Zadok was the father of Ahimaaz,
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1 Chronicles 6:12 צָד֔וֹק וְצָד֖וֹק Zadok, and Zadok
Ahitub was the father of Zadok, Zadok was the father of Shallum,
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1 Chronicles 6:53 צָד֥וֹק Zadok
Zadok his son, and Ahimaaz his son.
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1 Chronicles 9:11 צָד֗וֹק Zadok
Azariah son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, the chief official of God’s temple;
Here: 'Righteous, in the right.' The name carries the claim of the whole line. Zadok was David's and Solomon's priest (1 Kings 1-2), and descent from him was the mark of a legitimate high-priestly family (compare Ezekiel 44:15). The Zadok named here is probably a later bearer of the name, since in 1 Chronicles 6 there are two Ahitub–Zadok pairs.
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1 Chronicles 12:28 וְצָד֥וֹק and Zadok
and Zadok, a mighty young man of valor, with 22 commanders from his own family.
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1 Chronicles 15:11 לְצָד֥וֹק <to> Zadok
David summoned the priests Zadok and Abiathar and the Levites Uriel, Asaiah, Joel, Shemaiah, Eliel, and Amminadab.
Here: Zadok, one of David's two chief priests. His name comes from the root for 'right, just'. Chronicles traces him to Aaron through Eleazar (1 Chr 6:3–8), and his line became the leading priestly house of later Jerusalem.
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1 Chronicles 16:39 צָד֣וֹק Zadok
And David left Zadok the priest and his fellow priests before the tabernacle of the LORD at the high place in Gibeon
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1 Chronicles 18:16 וְצָד֧וֹק and Zadok
Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar were priests; Shavsha was the scribe;
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1 Chronicles 24:3 וְצָדוֹק֙ and Zadok
With the help of Eleazar’s descendant Zadok and Ithamar’s descendant Ahimelech, David divided them according to the offices of their service.
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1 Chronicles 24:6 וְצָד֣וֹק and Zadok
The scribe, Shemaiah son of Nethanel, a Levite, recorded their names in the presence of the king and of the officers: Zadok the priest, Ahimelech son of Abiathar, and the heads of families of the priests and the Levites—one family being taken from Eleazar, and then one from Ithamar.
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1 Chronicles 24:31 וְצָד֣וֹק and Zadok
As their brothers the descendants of Aaron did, they also cast lots in the presence of King David and of Zadok, Ahimelech, and the heads of the families of the priests and Levites—the family heads and their younger brothers alike.
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1 Chronicles 27:17 צָדֽוֹק׃ ס Zadok
over Levi was Hashabiah son of Kemuel; over Aaron was Zadok;
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1 Chronicles 29:22 וּלְצָד֖וֹק and <to> Zadok
That day they ate and drank with great joy in the presence of the LORD. Then, for a second time, they designated David’s son Solomon as king, anointing him before the LORD as ruler, and Zadok as the priest.
Here: 'And Zadok.' Zadok was already serving as a priest (1 Chr 16:39). Here he is installed in the leading priestly position alongside the new king.
2 Chronicles · 2
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2 Chronicles 27:1 צָדֽוֹק׃ Zadok
Jotham was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years. His mother’s name was Jerushah daughter of Zadok.
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2 Chronicles 31:10 צָד֑וֹק Zadok
and Azariah, the chief priest of the household of Zadok, answered him, “Since the people began to bring their contributions into the house of the LORD, we have had enough to eat, and there is plenty left over, because the LORD has blessed His people; this great abundance is what is left over.”
Here: Zadok was David's and Solomon's priest (1 Kgs 1–2). Saying Azariah descends from him marks him as the legitimate senior priest, a lineage Chronicles cares a great deal about.
Ezra · 1
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Ezra 7:2 צָד֖וֹק Zadok
the son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub,
Nehemiah · 5
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Nehemiah 3:4 צָד֖וֹק Zadok
Next to them, Meremoth son of Uriah, the son of Hakkoz, made repairs. Next to him, Meshullam son of Berechiah, the son of Meshezabel, made repairs; and next to him, Zadok son of Baana made repairs as well.
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Nehemiah 3:29 צָד֥וֹק Zadok
Next to them, Zadok son of Immer made repairs opposite his house, and next to him, Shemaiah son of Shecaniah, the guard of the East Gate, made repairs.
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Nehemiah 10:21 צָד֖וֹק Zadok
Meshezabel, Zadok, Jaddua,
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Nehemiah 11:11 צָד֗וֹק Zadok
Seraiah son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, the chief official of the house of God;
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Nehemiah 13:13 וְצָד֣וֹק and Zadok
I appointed as treasurers over the storerooms Shelemiah the priest, Zadok the scribe, and Pedaiah of the Levites, with Hanan son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah, to assist them, because they were considered trustworthy. They were responsible for distributing the supplies to their fellow Levites.
Ezekiel · 4
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Ezekiel 40:46 צָד֗וֹק Zadok
and the chamber that faces north is for the priests who keep charge of the altar. These are the sons of Zadok, the only Levites who may approach the LORD to minister before Him.”
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Ezekiel 43:19 צָד֜וֹק Zadok
You are to give a young bull from the herd as a sin offering to the Levitical priests who are of the family of Zadok, who approach Me to minister before Me, declares the Lord GOD.
Here: Zadok was David's priest, and Solomon made him chief priest in Jerusalem (1 Kings 2:35). His descendants ran the Jerusalem temple down to the exile. In Ezekiel only his line may serve at the altar (40:46; 44:15).
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Ezekiel 44:15 צָד֗וֹק Zadok
But the Levitical priests, who are descended from Zadok and who kept charge of My sanctuary when the Israelites went astray from Me, are to approach Me to minister before Me. They will stand before Me to offer Me fat and blood, declares the Lord GOD.
Here: David's and Solomon's priest, whose line ran the Jerusalem temple for centuries (1 Kgs 2:35). The name comes from the root for 'right' or 'just', but the verse does not play on it.
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Ezekiel 48:11 צָד֔וֹק Zadok
It will be for the consecrated priests, the descendants of Zadok, who kept My charge and did not go astray as the Levites did when the Israelites went astray.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.