Hebrew word · H6818
צְעָקָה
tze'akah
cry
A loud cry of distress. Above all it is the cry of someone being wronged who calls for rescue or legal redress. It can be the wail of mourning (Exod 11:6; 12:30). A related verb is used when someone appeals to the king for justice (2 Kgs 8:3, 5).
Appears 21 times in 20 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) cry, outcry
1a) outcry (against)
1b) cry of distress (especially as heard by God)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Genesis 18:21
- Range of meaning
A loud cry of distress. Above all it is the cry of someone being wronged who calls for rescue or legal redress. It can be the wail of mourning (Exod 11:6; 12:30). Most typically it is the appeal of the oppressed to someone with power to act: the widow and orphan who 'cry out' to God (Exod 22:22–23), Israel crying under Egyptian slavery (Exod 3:7, 9), the cry of the poor reaching God (Job 34:28). A related verb is used when someone appeals to the king for justice (2 Kgs 8:3, 5).
- Against the English
KJV 'cry' and BSB/ESV 'outcry' keep the sound. WEB 'reports' turns it into neutral information, as if God had received news. NLT's 'as I have heard' does the same. Neither keeps the picture of victims screaming for help.
- How it drifted
In modern English 'outcry' often means public protest or complaint about something scandalous. 'Reports' is plainer still. Both lose the legal and humanitarian sense: a cry from people being hurt, aimed at the judge who can stop it.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation) it is usually kraugē, 'cry'. Isaiah 5:7 makes a famous pun on it: God looked for tsedaqah (righteousness) and found tseʿaqah (a cry of distress). The pun shows that the word sits naturally opposite justice. Genesis 4:10 uses the verb for Abel's blood 'crying out' from the ground. Genesis 19:13 repeats that the outcry against or from Sodom 'has become great before the LORD'.
- Range of meaning
An outcry, a shriek of distress; in particular, the cry of someone being wronged who calls out for help or justice. It is related to zəʿāqâ (the same word with a different first letter). It can be a public, legal complaint as well as a cry of pain.
- Against the English
"Cry" (most versions) is accurate but can sound like quiet weeping. "Outcry" captures the loud, public appeal for someone to step in.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Genesis 18:20–21 and 19:13 (the outcry against Sodom rising to God, who goes down to "see"); Exodus 3:7, 9 (Israel's outcry in Egypt); Exodus 22:22–23 (if a widow or orphan cries out, "I will surely hear their cry"); Isaiah 5:7 (God looked for justice, ṣədāqâ, and found an outcry, ṣəʿāqâ, a pun). In Genesis 4:10 spilled blood itself "cries out" with this root.
- Range of meaning
An outcry: the loud, public cry of someone in distress or being wronged, appealing for rescue or justice. It goes with the verb צָעַק/זָעַק ("cry out"). In legal settings it is the cry of the wronged party to a king or judge. It can also mean the report or clamor of an injustice that reaches a higher authority.
- Against the English
KJV/WEB/ESV "cry," BSB "crying out," NLT "cries of distress." "Cry" can be heard as tears. The Hebrew is a shout for help against injustice.
- How it drifted
Modern English "cry" most often means weeping. The Hebrew word is a call for help, close to a petition.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Gen 18:20–21: "the outcry against Sodom… I will go down and see whether they have done according to its outcry." This has the same sequence of outcry, seeing and coming down as Exod 3:7–8. Exod 22:22–23 (Heb 22:21–22): if a widow or orphan is mistreated, "if they cry out to me, I will surely hear their outcry." Exod 3:9: "the outcry of the sons of Israel has come to me." Isa 5:7: God looked for justice (tsedaqah) "but behold, an outcry (tse'aqah)", a wordplay.
Where it appears
Genesis · 3
-
Genesis 18:21 הַכְּצַעֲקָתָ֛הּ ¿ according to outcry its
I will go down to see if their actions fully justify the outcry that has reached Me. If not, I will find out.”
Here: Four parts make up one word: a question marker ('whether'), 'according to', 'outcry', and 'her'. Literally: 'whether according to her outcry'. 'Her' is the city of Sodom, since Hebrew treats cities as feminine. The outcry is the scream of people being wronged, appealing for help and justice.
-
Genesis 19:13 צַעֲקָתָם֙ outcry their
because we are about to destroy this place. For the outcry to the LORD against its people is so great that He has sent us to destroy it.”
-
Genesis 27:34 צְעָקָ֔ה a cry
When Esau heard his father’s words, he let out a loud and bitter cry and said to his father, “Bless me too, O my father!”
Exodus · 5
-
Exodus 3:7 צַעֲקָתָ֤ם cry of distress their
The LORD said, “I have indeed seen the affliction of My people in Egypt. I have heard them crying out because of their oppressors, and I am aware of their sufferings.
Here: The loud cry of people being wronged, a cry for help and for justice, not simply weeping. It picks up Exod 2:23, where their cry "went up to God."
-
Exodus 3:9 צַעֲקַ֥ת [the] cry of distress of
And now the cry of the Israelites has reached Me, and I have seen how severely the Egyptians are oppressing them.
Here: A loud scream for help from people being wronged, the cry raised to a judge or king for justice. It is the same word as the 'outcry' against Sodom (Gen 18:20–21).
-
Exodus 11:6 צְעָקָ֥ה a cry
Then a great cry will go out over all the land of Egypt. Such an outcry has never been heard before and will never be heard again.
Here: A loud scream of anguish, the shout of people in deep trouble. This is the same word Exodus used for Israel's cry under slavery (3:7, 9). Now Egypt is the one crying out.
-
Exodus 12:30 צְעָקָ֥ה a cry
During the night Pharaoh got up—he and all his officials and all the Egyptians—and there was loud wailing in Egypt; for there was no house without someone dead.
-
Exodus 22:23 צַעֲקָתֽוֹ׃ cry of distress his
If you do mistreat them, and they cry out to Me in distress, I will surely hear their cry.
Here: The noun from the same root: 'his outcry', meaning the formal complaint of someone wronged. It is the word used for the 'outcry' against Sodom (Gen 18:20–21) and Israel's 'cry' in Egypt (Exod 3:7, 9).
1 Samuel · 2
-
1 Samuel 4:14 הַצְּעָקָ֔ה the outcry
Eli heard the outcry and asked, “Why this commotion?” So the man hurried over and reported to Eli.
-
1 Samuel 9:16 צַעֲקָת֖וֹ cry of distress its
“At this time tomorrow I will send you a man from the land of Benjamin, and you are to anoint him ruler over My people Israel; he will save them from the hand of the Philistines. For I have looked upon My people, because their cry has come to Me.”
Here: 'Its outcry', meaning the people's. Hebrew treats the people as one body, hence 'its'. This is the shout of someone being wronged, calling for help or justice.
Nehemiah · 1
-
Nehemiah 5:1 צַעֲקַ֥ת <the> cry of distress of
About that time there was a great outcry from the people and their wives against their fellow Jews.
Job · 3
-
Job 27:9 הַֽ֭צַעֲקָתוֹ ¿ cry his
Will God hear his cry when distress comes upon him?
Here: The prefix ha- turns the sentence into a question, and it sits on the very first word: 'His outcry? Will God hear it?' Putting the cry first puts the weight on it. A ṣeʿāqâ is a loud shout for rescue, the kind a victim raises when attacked, not quiet weeping.
-
Job 34:28 צַֽעֲקַת־ וְצַעֲקַ֖ת [the] outcry of, and [the] outcry of
They caused the cry of the poor to come before Him, and He heard the outcry of the afflicted.
Here: "The outcry of": the shout of a wronged person calling for someone to step in, the same word used for the cry from Sodom and from enslaved Israel. It is a public appeal for justice, not quiet weeping.
Psalms · 1
-
Psalm 9:12 צַעֲקַ֥ת [the] cry of distress of
For the Avenger of bloodshed remembers; He does not ignore the cry of the afflicted.
Here: The scream of someone being wronged, often a public appeal for justice. It is the word for the outcry against Sodom (Genesis 18:20–21) and the cry of Israel in Egypt (Exodus 3:7, 9).
Isaiah · 1
-
Isaiah 5:7 צְעָקָֽה׃ ס an outcry
For the vineyard of the LORD of Hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are the plant of His delight. He looked for justice, but saw bloodshed; for righteousness, but heard a cry of distress.
Here: 'An outcry': the scream of victims calling for help and appealing for a hearing. It differs from tsedaqah by a single letter. Instead of righteousness, God hears the cry of the people who were wronged.
Jeremiah · 4
-
Jeremiah 25:36 צַעֲקַ֣ת [the] cry of distress of
Hear the cry of the shepherds, the wailing of the leaders of the flock, for the LORD is destroying their pasture.
-
Jeremiah 48:3 צְעָקָ֖ה a cry of distress
A voice cries out from Horonaim: ‘Devastation and great destruction!’
-
Jeremiah 48:5 צַֽעֲקַת־ [the] crys of
For on the ascent to Luhith they weep bitterly as they go, and on the descent to Horonaim cries of distress resound over the destruction:
-
Jeremiah 49:21 צְעָקָ֕ה [the] calling out
At the sound of their fall the earth will quake; their cry will resound to the Red Sea.
Zephaniah · 1
-
Zephaniah 1:10 צְעָקָה֙ a cry of distress
On that day,” declares the LORD, “a cry will go up from the Fish Gate, a wail from the Second District, and a loud crashing from the hills.
Here: A loud cry of distress, the kind people raise when they are attacked or wronged and call out for rescue. Here it rises at the city gate as the attack breaks in.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.