Hebrew word · H8251

שִׁקּוּץ

shikutz

abomination

Something detestable, almost always an idol or a cult object of foreign gods. Milcom is 'the shiqqutz of the Ammonites' (1 Kgs 11:5). Daniel's 'abomination of desolation' (shiqqutz meshomem, Dan 11:31; 12:11) is a cult object set up in the temple.

Appears 28 times in 26 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

detestable thing or idol, abominable thing, abomination, idol, detested thing

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 66:3

Range of meaning

Something detestable, almost always an idol or a cult object of foreign gods. Milcom is 'the shiqqutz of the Ammonites' (1 Kgs 11:5). Daniel's 'abomination of desolation' (shiqqutz meshomem, Dan 11:31; 12:11) is a cult object set up in the temple. It is related to sheqetz, the term for unclean creatures in Lev 11.

Against the English

'Abominations' (BSB, KJV, WEB) is right in force but vague in reference. To modern ears it sounds like any shocking moral evil. Here it means the detestable cult objects and practices of false worship, the things listed in 65:3–4 and 66:17.

How it drifted

English 'abomination' became a general word of moral outrage. Hebrew shiqqutz is narrowly cultic.

Used elsewhere in the period

1 Kgs 11:5–7; 2 Kgs 23:13, 24; Jer 7:30; Ezek 20:7–8; Dan 9:27. In Isa 66:17 the related sheqetz appears beside pig and mouse.

From the study of Ezekiel 37:23

Range of meaning

A detestable thing, an abomination. The word belongs to the vocabulary of disgust: something to reject with revulsion. In practice it usually means cult objects or practices of foreign gods (1 Kgs 11:5, 'Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites'; Dan 11:31, 'the abomination of desolation'). The related word šeqeṣ is used for unclean animals that must not be eaten (Lev 11).

Against the English

'Abomination' sounds archaic and vaguely moral. 'Detestable things' is closer. The Hebrew word is about a gut-level, purity-based recoil.

Used elsewhere in the period

It is common in Jeremiah and Ezekiel (Ezek 5:11; 7:20; 11:18, 21; 20:7–8, 30). In Daniel 9:27, 11:31 and 12:11 it names the pagan object Antiochus IV set up in the temple (1 Macc 1:54). Jesus takes up that phrase in Mark 13:14.

From the study of Ezekiel 20:7

Range of meaning

Something detestable or repulsive. In the Bible it is used almost only for idols and the objects and rites that go with them. It comes from the root sh-q-ts, 'to detest, to treat as loathsome'. The related noun sheqets is the word for unclean creatures that must not be eaten (Leviticus 11:10–13, 20, 23, 41). So the word draws on the gut disgust Israelites felt toward forbidden food. Foreign gods can be called this outright: Milcom is 'the detestable thing of the Ammonites' (1 Kings 11:5, 7).

Against the English

KJV, WEB and BSB say 'abominations'. YLT and NASB say 'detestable things'. NIV and NLT say 'vile images'. 'Abominations' is the traditional word, but modern English uses it for something morally monstrous. 'Detestable things' keeps the sense of disgust and points to concrete objects.

How it drifted

Older English used 'abomination' for both shiqquts and the different word to'evah ('something God finds abhorrent'). Today 'abomination' tends to suggest extreme moral evil. That blurs the specific picture here: objects that ought to make you recoil the way unclean food does.

Used elsewhere in the period

Deuteronomy 29:17 (Hebrew 29:16): 'their detestable things and their idols (gillulim)', the same pairing as here. It also appears in 2 Kings 23:13, 24, in Josiah's purge. Ezekiel uses it about 8 times (5:11; 7:20; 11:18, 21; 20:7, 8, 30; 37:23). The 'abomination of desolation' of Daniel 11:31 and 12:11 (hashshiqquts meshomem) is a later and famous use. The Greek Old Testament (the Septuagint, or LXX) here uses bdelygma, 'a thing that stinks or disgusts'.

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 1
  1. Deuteronomy 29:17 שִׁקּ֣וּצֵיהֶ֔ם detestable things their

    You saw the abominations and idols among them made of wood and stone, of silver and gold.

1 Kings · 3
  1. 1 Kings 11:5 שִׁקֻּ֖ץ [the] detestable thing of

    Solomon followed Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians and Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites.

    Here: A word of disgust for something filthy or revolting, used again and again for idols. Where the first half of the verse says 'god of the Sidonians', the writer here deliberately says 'filth of the Ammonites' instead of 'god'.

  2. 1 Kings 11:7 שִׁקֻּ֣ץ שִׁקֻּ֖ץ [the] detestable thing of

    At that time on a hill east of Jerusalem, Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites.

    Here: The narrator's label for Chemosh, a scornful word meaning 'filthy, loathsome object'. It refuses to call him a god (compare 'god of the Sidonians' in verse 5) and treats him as something polluting that Israel must keep away from.

2 Kings · 3
  1. 2 Kings 23:13 שִׁקֻּ֣ץ שִׁקֻּ֣ץ [the] detestable thing of

    The king also desecrated the high places east of Jerusalem, to the south of the Mount of Corruption, which King Solomon of Israel had built for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Sidonians, for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites.

    Here: 'The loathsome thing': a scornful word for a foreign god and its image, used in place of any respectful title.

  2. 2 Kings 23:24 הַשִּׁקֻּצִ֗ים the detestable things

    Furthermore, Josiah removed the mediums and spiritists, the household gods and idols, and all the abominations that were seen in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem. He did this to carry out the words of the law written in the book that Hilkiah the priest had found in the house of the LORD.

2 Chronicles · 1
  1. 2 Chronicles 15:8 הַשִּׁקּוּצִים֙ the detestable things

    When Asa heard these words and the prophecy of Azariah son of Oded the prophet, he took courage and removed the detestable idols from the whole land of Judah and Benjamin and from the cities he had captured in the hill country of Ephraim. He then restored the altar of the LORD that was in front of the portico of the LORD’s temple.

    Here: A contemptuous name for idols and the objects of foreign worship: 'the disgusting things.' The word carries the revulsion felt toward something ritually unclean.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 66:3 וּבְשִׁקּוּצֵיהֶ֖ם and <in> detestable things their

    Whoever slaughters an ox is like one who slays a man; whoever sacrifices a lamb is like one who breaks a dog’s neck; whoever presents a grain offering is like one who offers pig’s blood; whoever offers frankincense is like one who blesses an idol. Indeed, they have chosen their own ways and delighted in their abominations.

    Here: 'And in their detestable things.' In the Bible this word nearly always refers to idols and the objects of foreign cults (1 Kgs 11:5, 7; 2 Kgs 23:13). Its target is false worship, not misbehaviour in general.

Jeremiah · 5
  1. Jeremiah 4:1 שִׁקּוּצֶ֛יךָ detestable things your

    “If you will return, O Israel, return to Me,” declares the LORD. “If you will remove your detestable idols from My sight and no longer waver,

    Here: 'Your detestable things.' This is a word of disgust for cult objects and images of other gods. 'Your' points out that Israel adopted them as its own.

  2. Jeremiah 7:30 שִׁקּֽוּצֵיהֶ֗ם detestable things their

    For the people of Judah have done evil in My sight, declares the LORD. They have set up their abominations in the house that bears My Name, and so have defiled it.

  3. Jeremiah 13:27 שִׁקּוּצָ֑יִךְ detestable things your

    Your adulteries and lustful neighings, your shameless prostitution on the hills and in the fields—I have seen your detestable acts. Woe to you, O Jerusalem! How long will you remain unclean?”

    Here: "Your detestable things." In Kings and Jeremiah this is a standard word for idols and cult objects (1 Kings 11:5; Jeremiah 4:1; 7:30). It sums up everything listed before it. It names the objects. Acts are only implied.

  4. Jeremiah 16:18 שִׁקּֽוּצֵיהֶם֙ detestable things their

    And I will first repay them double their iniquity and their sin, because they have defiled My land with the carcasses of their detestable idols, and they have filled My inheritance with their abominations.”

    Here: 'Their detestable things.' This is a standard insult for idols and idol-gods (e.g. Milcom, 'the detestable thing of the Ammonites', 1 Kgs 11:5).

  5. Jeremiah 32:34 שִׁקּֽוּצֵיהֶ֗ם detestable things their

    They have placed their abominations in the house that bears My Name, and so have defiled it.

Ezekiel · 8
  1. Ezekiel 5:11 שִׁקּוּצַ֖יִךְ detestable things your

    Therefore as surely as I live, declares the Lord GOD, because you have defiled My sanctuary with all your detestable idols and abominations, I Myself will withdraw My favor; I will not look upon you with pity, nor will I spare you.

    Here: 'Your detestable things'. In context these are mainly idols and cult objects, called by a word from the vocabulary of loathing that is also used for unclean creatures.

  2. Ezekiel 7:20 שִׁקּוּצֵיהֶ֖ם detestable things their

    His beautiful ornaments they transformed into pride and used them to fashion their vile images and detestable idols. Therefore I will make these into something unclean for them.

    Here: A word of disgust used almost only for idols. It stands right beside 'abominations' with no 'and', renaming the same objects: 'their abominations, their loathsome things'.

  3. Ezekiel 11:18 שִׁקּוּצֶ֛יהָ detestable things its

    When they return to it, they will remove all its detestable things and all its abominations.

  4. Ezekiel 11:21 שִׁקּוּצֵיהֶ֛ם detestable things their

    But as for those whose hearts pursue detestable things and abominations, I will bring their conduct down upon their own heads, declares the Lord GOD.”

  5. Ezekiel 20:7 שִׁקּוּצֵ֤י [the] detestable things of

    And I said to them: ‘Each of you must throw away the abominations before his eyes, and you must not defile yourselves with the idols of Egypt. I am the LORD your God.’

    Here: Objects of worship that should make you recoil, the way you recoil from unclean food. Calling them this is an insult and a ruling at once: what Israel treasures, God counts as disgusting.

  6. Ezekiel 20:8 שִׁקּוּצֵ֤י [the] detestable things of

    But they rebelled against Me and refused to listen. None of them cast away the abominations before their eyes, and they did not forsake the idols of Egypt. So I resolved to pour out My wrath upon them and vent My anger against them in the land of Egypt.

    Here: 'The detestable things of': a worship term for idol objects, things that should make a worshipper of the LORD recoil.

  7. Ezekiel 20:30 שִׁקּוּצֵיהֶ֖ם detestable things their

    Therefore tell the house of Israel that this is what the Lord GOD says: Will you defile yourselves the way your fathers did, prostituting yourselves with their abominations?

  8. Ezekiel 37:23 וּבְשִׁקּ֣וּצֵיהֶ֔ם and by abominations their

    They will no longer defile themselves with their idols or detestable images, or with any of their transgressions. I will save them from all their apostasies by which they sinned, and I will cleanse them. Then they will be My people, and I will be their God.

    Here: 'And with their detestable things.' Cult objects and practices described as things that should make you recoil in disgust.

Daniel · 3
  1. Daniel 9:27 שִׁקּוּצִים֙ abomination<s>

    And he will confirm a covenant with many for one week, but in the middle of the week he will put an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of the temple will come the abomination that causes desolation, until the decreed destruction is poured out upon him.”

    Here: 'Abominations' in the plural. This is Israel's contempt word for foreign idols and their cult objects (1 Kings 11:5, 7; 2 Kings 23:13). It does not mean wickedness in general.

  2. Daniel 11:31 הַשִּׁקּ֥וּץ the abomination

    His forces will rise up and desecrate the temple fortress. They will abolish the daily sacrifice and set up the abomination of desolation.

    Here: 'The detestable thing.' This is the Bible's regular contemptuous word for a foreign god's image or cult object, as in 'Milcom, the detestable thing of the Ammonites' (1 Kings 11:5). Here it is a pagan object placed in God's Temple.

  3. Daniel 12:11 שִׁקּ֣וּץ [the] abomination

    And from the time the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination of desolation set up, there will be 1,290 days.

    Here: A strong word from the language of worship, used for idols and pagan cult objects ('Milcom the detestable thing of the Ammonites', 1 Kings 11:5). It means a foreign object of worship placed where only Israel's God should be worshipped, not general moral wickedness.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 9:10 שִׁקּוּצִ֖ים detestable things

    I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness. I saw your fathers as the firstfruits of the fig tree in its first season. But they went to Baal-peor, and consecrated themselves to Shame; so they became as detestable as the thing they loved.

    Here: A word mainly used for idols and things that make someone ritually unclean, objects of revulsion (1 Kgs 11:5, 7). The people themselves became 'idol-things', as repulsive to God as the images they served.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 3:6 שִׁקֻּצִ֖ים detestable things

    I will pelt you with filth and treat you with contempt; I will make a spectacle of you.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 9:7 וְשִׁקֻּצָיו֙ and detestable things its

    I will remove the blood from their mouths and the abominations from between their teeth. Then they too will become a remnant for our God; they will become like a clan in Judah, and Ekron will be like the Jebusites.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.