γνῶσις

Luke 1:77 γνῶσιν knowledge

to give to His people the knowledge of salvation through the forgiveness of their sins,

Here: Knowledge in the biblical sense of recognising and coming to know, not trivia. The people will learn that God's rescue is here and what it consists of. Compare Malachi 2:7, where a priest's lips are to 'guard knowledge'.

Luke 11:52 γνώσεως. knowledge.

Woe to you experts in the law! For you have taken away the key to knowledge. You yourselves have not entered, and you have hindered those who were entering.”

Here: In the language of Israel's Scriptures this means knowing God and his ways as he made them known, the knowledge priests and teachers were meant to guard and pass on (Malachi 2:7; Hosea 4:6). It is not academic information or secret spiritual lore. The Greek leaves open whether the key opens the way to knowledge or the key is itself that knowledge.

Romans 2:20 γνώσεως of knowledge

an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of infants, because you have in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth—

Here: Knowledge of God and of what he requires. Verse 18 has already said the person 'knows the will' and is 'instructed out of the law.'

Romans 11:33 γνώσεως knowledge

O, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments, and untraceable His ways!

Here: God's knowing. This is more than his having information. In Romans 8:29 and 11:2 God's 'knowing beforehand' means his choosing a people for himself, and that sense probably sounds here too.

Romans 15:14 γνώσεως, knowledge,

I myself am convinced, my brothers, that you yourselves are full of goodness, brimming with knowledge, and able to instruct one another.

Here: Understanding of God's ways and of how life in Christ works. This is not general learning. In context it includes grasping the very issues Paul has just argued (clean and unclean foods, welcoming one another).

1 Corinthians 1:5 γνώσει, knowledge,

For in Him you have been enriched in every way, in all speech and all knowledge,

Here: Spiritual insight or understanding of God and his ways, given by the Spirit. In Corinth it was a prized and contested commodity (8:1, 'knowledge puffs up'). It is not academic learning, and not the later 'Gnosticism'.

1 Corinthians 8:1 γνῶσιν γνῶσις knowledge, Knowledge

Now about food sacrificed to idols: We know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up.

Here: The particular theological insight the Corinthians prized: idols are nothing and there is only one God (8:4–6), so eating such food is harmless. It is a status-bearing possession, something one 'has'.

1 Corinthians 8:7 γνῶσις· knowledge;

But not everyone has this knowledge. Some people are still so accustomed to idols that they eat such food as if it were sacrificed to an idol. And since their conscience is weak, it is defiled.

Here: A specific theological insight that the Corinthians prized: the gods behind the idols have no real existence. Paul is asking whether that insight has become settled conviction.

1 Corinthians 8:10 γνῶσιν knowledge

For if someone with a weak conscience sees you who are well informed eating in an idol’s temple, will he not be encouraged to eat food sacrificed to idols?

Here: The particular insight the strong Corinthians prized: 'an idol is nothing in the world' and 'there is no God but one' (8:4). It is a theological conviction, not general education.

1 Corinthians 8:11 γνώσει, knowledge,

So this weak brother, for whom Christ died, is destroyed by your knowledge.

1 Corinthians 12:8 γνώσεως of knowledge

To one there is given through the Spirit the message of wisdom, to another the message of knowledge by the same Spirit,

Here: Insight or understanding, especially about God and his ways. In Corinth it was a claimed spiritual status ("we all have knowledge," 8:1). Elsewhere in the letter Paul pairs it with mysteries, revelation, prophecy and teaching (13:2; 14:6).

1 Corinthians 13:2 γνῶσιν, knowledge,

If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have absolute faith so as to move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing.

Here: Spiritual insight into God and his ways, listed as a Spirit-given gift in 12:8. Some Corinthians treated it as a status marker, which Paul has already said 'puffs up' while love 'builds up' (8:1).

1 Corinthians 13:8 γνῶσις, knowledge

Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be restrained; where there is knowledge, it will be dismissed.

Here: The Spirit-given grasp of God's mysteries that the Corinthians prized (1:5; 8:1; 12:8; 13:2). It does not mean human learning in general. Verse 9 explains that it is real but partial.

1 Corinthians 14:6 γνώσει knowledge

Now, brothers, if I come to you speaking in tongues, how will I benefit you, unless I bring you some revelation or knowledge or prophecy or teaching?

Here: Understanding of God's ways, given by the Spirit (the 'word of knowledge' of 12:8). It was a prized Corinthian word, which Paul elsewhere warns 'puffs up' (8:1).

2 Corinthians 2:14 γνώσεως knowledge

But thanks be to God, who always leads us triumphantly as captives in Christ and through us spreads everywhere the fragrance of the knowledge of Him.

Here: The fragrance is the knowledge, meaning people coming to know him personally, not just acquiring facts. Knowing God spreads the way a scent fills the air.

2 Corinthians 4:6 γνώσεως knowledge

For God, who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” made His light shine in our hearts to give us the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.

Here: What the illumination produces: knowing God by recognising him. It is not secret lore. In Corinth, where 'knowledge' was a prized catchword (1 Cor 8:1), Paul ties true knowledge to seeing God's glory in Jesus.

2 Corinthians 6:6 γνώσει, knowledge,

in purity, knowledge, patience, and kindness; in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love;

Here: Real understanding of God and the gospel, and probably also the insight to apply it. The Corinthians prized "knowledge" highly, and Paul claims it for himself here (compare 11:6).

2 Corinthians 8:7 γνώσει in knowledge

But just as you excel in everything—in faith, in speech, in knowledge, in complete earnestness, and in the love we inspired in you—see that you also excel in this grace of giving.

Here: Spiritual understanding or insight. The Corinthians were proud of it, and Paul had warned that 'knowledge puffs up, but love builds up' (1 Cor 8:1). Here he simply credits it to them.

2 Corinthians 10:5 γνώσεως knowledge

We demolish arguments and every presumption set up against the knowledge of God; and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ.

Here: Knowledge as acquaintance and recognition. Here it is the knowing of God revealed in the gospel (compare 4:6, 'the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ').

2 Corinthians 11:6 γνώσει, in knowledge,

Although I am not a polished speaker, I am certainly not lacking in knowledge. We have made this clear to you in every way possible.

Here: "In knowledge": the real content, his grasp of God and the gospel. That is what matters, as against the packaging. In Corinth this was a prized word (1 Cor 8:1).

Ephesians 3:19 γνώσεως knowledge

of the love of Christ, and to know this love that surpasses knowledge, that you may be filled with all the fullness of God.

Here: The genitive marks what is surpassed. It comes from the same root as "to know", so the line deliberately sets up a paradox: know what goes beyond knowing.

Philippians 3:8 γνώσεως knowledge

More than that, I count all things as loss compared to the surpassing excellence of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have lost all things. I consider them rubbish, that I may gain Christ

Here: 'Knowing.' It means personal, experiential acquaintance with a person, not command of information. Verse 10 spells it out: 'that I may know him and the power of his resurrection and the sharing of his sufferings.'

Colossians 2:3 γνώσεως of knowledge

in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.

Here: Knowing, especially knowing God and his purposes. It is not just information, and it is not the later system called 'Gnosticism'. It picks up 'knowledge' (ἐπίγνωσις) of the mystery in 2:2.

1 Timothy 6:20 γνώσεως, knowledge,

O Timothy, guard what has been entrusted to you. Avoid irreverent, empty chatter and the opposing arguments of so-called “knowledge,”

Here: Knowledge, especially religious insight or understanding of divine things. It was apparently the opponents' own word for what they offered. It has nothing to do with natural science.

1 Peter 3:7 γνῶσιν knowledge

Husbands, in the same way, treat your wives with consideration as a delicate vessel, and with honor as fellow heirs of the gracious gift of life, so that your prayers will not be hindered.

Here: Informed understanding: of the wife and her situation, and of God's will as believers now know it. Not mere sympathy and not secret knowledge, but conduct that knows what it is doing and why.

2 Peter 1:5 γνῶσιν, knowledge,

For this very reason, make every effort to add to your faith virtue; and to virtue, knowledge;

Here: Growing understanding and discernment, knowing how to live faithfully. It differs from the foundational 'full knowledge' (epignōsis) of God and Christ that the letter speaks of in 1:2, 3, 8.

2 Peter 1:6 γνώσει knowledge

and to knowledge, self-control; and to self-control, perseverance; and to perseverance, godliness;

Here: Picks up the last item of verse 5. Here it means practical, growing understanding of God and of how to live, not stored information.

2 Peter 3:18 γνώσει in knowledge

But grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To Him be the glory both now and to the day of eternity. Amen.

Here: Knowing Jesus Christ: understanding who he is together with personal acknowledgment of him as Lord. In this letter it is tied to a changed way of life (1:5–8) and it protects against being deceived.