παρεκτός

From the study of 2 Corinthians 11:28

Range of meaning

As a preposition: "except, apart from" (Matt 5:32, "except for sexual immorality"; Acts 26:29, "except for these chains"). As an adverb: "besides, outside, in addition." Here it is an adverb made into a noun by the article: "the things besides / the things outside."

Against the English

The KJV ("those things that are without"), NASB ("such external things") and BSB ("these external trials") read it as "external." The ESV ("other things") and NIV ("everything else") read it as "what I have not mentioned" or "all the rest."

Used elsewhere in the period

The Vulgate's "praeter illa quae extrinsecus sunt" ("besides those things which are outside") shaped the "external" reading in Western tradition. Ordinary Koine usage leans toward "besides" or "except."

From the study of 1 Maccabees 5:27

Range of meaning

To pitch camp, encamp, draw up an army. Often hostile: to encamp against a city before a siege. The related noun parembolē means 'camp' or 'army', and Judas's 'army' in v. 28 is his parembolē.

Against the English

KJV and Brenton paraphrase it as 'bring their host against', where 'host' is an old word for army. WEB's 'encamp against' is literal. Some modern versions say 'attack', which gives the purpose but drops the picture of a siege camp going up.

Used elsewhere in the period

Very common in the Septuagint for Hebrew chanah, 'encamp', e.g. Israel's camps in Numbers 33 and enemy armies encamping against a city (Judges 6:4; 1 Sam 11:1). In Luke 19:43 Jesus says enemies will 'set up a palisade' around Jerusalem, and some manuscripts use this verb there.

From the study of Didache 6:1

Range of meaning

'Outside of, apart from, except for, besides.' A rare word. In the New Testament it appears in Matthew 5:32 ('except on the ground of sexual immorality'), Acts 26:29 ('except for these chains') and 2 Corinthians 11:28 ('apart from other things').

Against the English

Lake's 'without God' can sound like 'atheistic' or 'godless' to a modern reader. Other versions say 'apart from God', which is closer.

How it drifted

In modern English, 'without God' is used of unbelief.

Used elsewhere in the period

Besides the NT uses above, it occurs in later Greek with the sense 'excepting'. Where the Greek has 'apart from God', the Latin Two Ways parallel appears to say 'outside the discipline' or 'outside the instruction'. That suggests the original idea was 'outside the approved teaching', which the Didache equates with God's teaching.