Greek word · G4171
πόλεμος
polemos
war
War, battle, armed conflict. Used figuratively for any serious, lasting hostility or feud.
Appears 18 times in 16 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
πόλεμος, -ον, ό
[in LXX chiefly for מִלְחָמָה ;]
1. war: Matthew 24:6, Mark 13:7, Luke 14:31 21:9, Hebrews 11:34; π. ποιεῖν, before μετά, with genitive (cf. πολεμέω), Revelation 11:7 12:17 13:7 19:19.
2. = μάχη, a fight, battle: 1 Corinthians 14:8, Revelation 9:7, 9 12:7 16:14 20:8; hyperb., of private quarrels (cf. πολεμέω), James 4:1.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
War, battle, armed conflict. Used figuratively for any serious, lasting hostility or feud.
- Against the English
KJV and WEB keep "wars". BSB's "conflicts" and the NIV/ESV/NLT's "fights" or "quarrels" soften the picture and lose the deliberate overstatement and the military imagery that runs through the verse.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The regular word for war in the LXX, Josephus, and the NT (e.g., Matt 24:6; Rev 12:7). Plato, Phaedo 66c, has a famous parallel: "wars and factions and battles" (polemous kai staseis kai machas) come from nothing but the body and its desires. This was a well-known line of moral reflection that James's hearers could recognise.
From the study of Revelation 13:7
- Range of meaning
War, battle, armed conflict. It also covers strife or hostility more generally. 'To make war (with)' (ποιεῖν πόλεμον μετά) is an Old Testament Greek phrase copying the Hebrew 'āśâ milḥāmâ 'im.
- Against the English
'Wage war against' (BSB, NLT) and 'make war with' (KJV, WEB, NASB) are both accurate. 'With' can confuse modern readers, who might hear 'alongside'. The idiom means 'against'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Daniel 7:21 (Aramaic: 'that horn made war with the holy ones and prevailed over them'). The Theodotion Greek version of Daniel has ἐποίει πόλεμον μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων. Revelation reuses the phrase for the beast against the two witnesses (11:7), the dragon against the woman's offspring (12:17), the kings against the Lamb (17:14) and the beast's armies (19:19).
From the study of Revelation 16:14
- Range of meaning
War, armed conflict. It can mean a campaign or a single battle, though 'war' is its usual sense. With the article, 'the war' points to a specific conflict the reader already knows about.
- Against the English
'Battle' (BSB, KJV, NIV) suggests one engagement on one field. 'The war' (WEB, NASB) keeps the article and the link to the expected final war. The same phrase 'gather them for the war' (synagagein autous eis ton polemon) comes back in 20:8, and almost the same wording in 19:19.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Zech 14:2 LXX: 'I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem for war' (eis polemon). Joel 3:9–12 (LXX 4:9–12); Ezek 38–39 (Gog gathered against God's people); 1 Kgs 22:20–23, where a lying spirit entices King Ahab to go up to battle and die. In Rev 11:7, 12:7, 12:17 and 13:7, polemos describes the conflict between God's people and the beast.
Where it appears
Matthew · 2
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Matthew 24:6 πολέμους πολέμων· wars, of wars;
You will hear of wars and rumors of wars, but see to it that you are not alarmed. These things must happen, but the end is still to come.
Here: 'Wars': actual armed conflicts. The plural points to many of them, one after another.
Mark · 2
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Mark 13:7 πολέμους πολέμων, wars, of wars,
When you hear of wars and rumors of wars, do not be alarmed. These things must happen, but the end is still to come.
Here: Wars, probably the actual fighting close enough to be felt. The plural suggests repeated conflicts, not one final war.
Luke · 2
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Luke 14:31 πόλεμον war
Or what king on his way to war with another king will not first sit down and consider whether he can engage with ten thousand men the one coming against him with twenty thousand?
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Luke 21:9 πολέμους wars
When you hear of wars and rebellions, do not be alarmed. These things must happen first, but the end is not imminent.”
Here: Wars, meaning armed conflict between peoples or states. Verse 10 spells it out as 'nation against nation'.
1 Corinthians · 1
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1 Corinthians 14:8 πόλεμον; battle?
Again, if the trumpet sounds a muffled call, who will prepare for battle?
Hebrews · 1
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Hebrews 11:34 πολέμῳ, war,
quenched the raging fire, and escaped the edge of the sword; who gained strength from weakness, became mighty in battle, and put foreign armies to flight.
Here: "War, battle." This is real warfare, not a metaphor for spiritual struggle. Think of Gideon, Jonathan, David and, very likely, Judas Maccabeus.
James · 1
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James 4:1 πόλεμοι [come] disputes
What causes conflicts and quarrels among you? Don’t they come from the passions at war within you?
Here: The ordinary word for war. Used of a community's infighting, it is deliberate overstatement: their rivalries are described as open warfare. It is plural, so it means repeated or ongoing hostilities.
Revelation · 9
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Revelation 9:7 πόλεμον, battle,
And the locusts looked like horses prepared for battle, with something like crowns of gold on their heads; and their faces were like the faces of men.
Here: War or battle. The phrase 'horses made ready for war' is a stock biblical expression (Proverbs 21:31 in the Greek Old Testament).
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Revelation 9:9 πόλεμον. battle.
They also had breastplates like breastplates of iron, and the sound of their wings was like the roar of many horses and chariots rushing into battle.
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Revelation 11:7 πόλεμον war
When the two witnesses have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the Abyss will wage war with them, and will overpower and kill them.
Here: Open warfare. Sending a whole war against two prophets signals that this conflict is cosmic, not a private quarrel. It is the beast's war on God's people (13:7).
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Revelation 12:7 πόλεμος war
Then a war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back.
Here: A real war between armies, not a quarrel. It is the first of four uses of the 'war' root in this one verse, a deliberate hammering repetition.
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Revelation 12:17 πόλεμον war
And the dragon was enraged at the woman and went to make war with the rest of her children, who keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus. And the dragon stood on the shore of the sea.
Here: 'Make war' is the wording of Daniel 7:21, where the horn 'made war with the saints'. Revelation reuses it at 11:7 and 13:7. It means a real campaign of persecution, not a mood.
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Revelation 13:7 πόλεμον war
Then the beast was permitted to wage war against the saints and to conquer them, and it was given authority over every tribe and people and tongue and nation.
Here: War or battle. Here it is a one-sided campaign against people who do not fight back in kind. The rest of the chapter shows its methods: killing (13:15) and shutting people out of buying and selling (13:17).
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Revelation 16:14 πόλεμον battle
These are demonic spirits that perform signs and go out to all the kings of the earth, to assemble them for battle on the great day of God the Almighty.
Here: Armed conflict, whether a whole war or a battle. With the article it points to the final war of the end time that Revelation returns to in 19:19 and 20:8.
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Revelation 19:19 πόλεμον war
Then I saw the beast and the kings of the earth with their armies assembled to wage war against the One seated on the horse, and against His army.
Here: "Make war" copies a Hebrew idiom found throughout the Greek Old Testament. In Revelation it is the war already announced: the war of the great day of God Almighty (16:14).
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Revelation 20:8 πόλεμον, war,
and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth—Gog and Magog—to assemble them for battle. Their number is like the sand of the seashore.
Here: The final war of the nations against God and his people. Jewish tradition already called this kind of event 'the war of Gog and Magog'.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.