Hebrew word · H2143
זֵ֫כֶר
zekher
memorial
Remembrance, memory, memorial; especially the name as it is spoken or invoked. From the root z-k-r, 'to remember, to mention, to call to mind'. It is often what people say about someone, not only what they think.
Appears 23 times in 23 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) memorial, remembrance
1a) remembrance, memory
1b) memorial
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Proverbs 10:7
- Range of meaning
Remembrance, memory, memorial; especially the name as it is spoken or invoked. From the root z-k-r, 'to remember, to mention, to call to mind'. It is often what people say about someone, not only what they think.
- Against the English
English 'memory' usually means something inside the head: a fond recollection held by those left behind. Zekher is public and spoken. It is the person's name kept alive by being said.
- How it drifted
English 'memory' has become mostly about the mind and emotions. The Hebrew word includes the spoken mention.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Paired with shem (name) in Exodus 3:15 ('this is my name forever, and this is my zekher for all generations'), Psalm 135:13, Hosea 12:5 and Isaiah 26:8. Psalm 112:6: 'the righteous will be remembered forever (lezekher ʿolam)'. Opposite: Psalm 34:16, 'to cut off their zekher from the earth'. Job 18:17: of the wicked man, 'his zekher perishes from the land; he has no name in the street.'
- Range of meaning
From the root z-k-r, 'remember'. The noun means: (1) remembrance as something said or done that keeps a person or event present: a mention, a commemoration; (2) a memorial; (3) by extension renown or 'name', the way someone is remembered and spoken of. It is regularly paired with shem ('name').
- Against the English
KJV and WEB 'memory' and YLT 'memorial' are literal. BSB 'fame' and ESV 'fame' bring out the reputation sense. NIV ('celebrate your abundant goodness') leaves the word untranslated, which loses the idea that praise is an act of keeping God's record alive.
- How it drifted
In modern English 'memory' is mostly a private mental faculty or an inner recollection. In Hebrew, remembering is typically public and spoken: a memorial is something people say, recite or perform.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exodus 3:15: 'This is my name forever, and this is my zeker [how I am to be remembered] from generation to generation', where zeker parallels 'name'. Psalm 6:5 (Heb. 6:6): 'in death there is no zeker of you', meaning no one speaking of God. Psalm 102:12 (Heb. 102:13) and 135:13 pair God's zeker with his name and throne. Psalm 111:4: 'He has made a zeker for his wonders; gracious and compassionate is the LORD.' That is the same pairing as here, where verse 8 follows with 'gracious and compassionate'. Isaiah 63:7 is a close parallel: 'I will cause to be remembered [azkir] the loyal deeds of the LORD… the abundant goodness [rav-tuv] toward the house of Israel.'
- Range of meaning
From the verb zākar, 'to remember, call to mind, mention'. The noun means remembrance, memorial, or the name as it is spoken and invoked. Often the meaning is less a thought in the head than a name said aloud: 'this is my name forever, and this is my zēker for all generations' (Exod 3:15). In worship it is the name called out in praise.
- Against the English
KJV 'remembrance', WEB 'memory' and NLT 'the dead do not remember you' all suggest something mental. BSB and NASB 'mention' and NIV 'proclaims your name' bring out the spoken, public side.
- How it drifted
English 'remembrance' and 'memory' have become mostly mental words. The Greek 'the one who remembers' and the Latin 'who is mindful of you' had already moved the phrase toward thought, and the older English translations followed them.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Psalm 30:4 (Hebrew 30:5) has the same pairing: 'give thanks (hôdû) to his holy zēker'. Psalm 97:12 repeats it, Psalm 145:7 speaks of people 'pouring out the zēker of your goodness', and Psalm 102:12 and 135:13 use it for God's name as proclaimed through the generations. HALOT and BDB both give 'mention, invocation' as senses alongside 'remembrance'.
Where it appears
Exodus · 2
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Exodus 3:15 זִכְרִ֖י [is] memorial my
God also told Moses, “Say to the Israelites, ‘The LORD, the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.’ This is My name forever, and this is how I am to be remembered in every generation.
Here: The way God is to be remembered, mentioned and called upon: the name as it is spoken in prayer, oath and praise. It stands parallel to 'my name' and nearly means the same thing.
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Exodus 17:14 זֵ֣כֶר [the] remembrance of
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Write this on a scroll as a reminder and recite it to Joshua, because I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven.”
Here: A people's 'remembrance' is their name, their mention among the living, their ongoing existence in human memory. It is often paired with 'name' (shem). Wiping it out means Amalek ends so completely that no one will speak of them as a living people.
Deuteronomy · 2
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Deuteronomy 25:19 זֵ֣כֶר [the] remembrance of
When the LORD your God gives you rest from the enemies around you in the land that He is giving you to possess as an inheritance, you are to blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven. Do not forget!
Here: A people's public name and continued existence among the living, more than a thought in someone's mind. It comes from the same root as 'Remember' (zakhor) in verse 17.
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Deuteronomy 32:26 זִכְרָֽם׃ memory their
I would have said that I would cut them to pieces and blot out their memory from mankind,
Here: Their 'memory' in the concrete sense: their name, their continued presence among the living, the fact that anyone still speaks of them. Wiping out a zeker means total extinction, so that nothing is left even to be mentioned.
Esther · 1
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Esther 9:28 וְזִכְרָ֖ם and remembrance their
These days should be remembered and celebrated by every generation, family, province, and city, so that these days of Purim should not fail to be observed among the Jews, nor should the memory of them fade from their descendants.
Job · 1
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Job 18:17 זִֽכְרוֹ־ memory his
The memory of him perishes from the earth, and he has no name in the land.
Psalms · 11
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Psalm 6:5 זִכְרֶ֑ךָ [is] remembrance of you
For there is no mention of You in death; who can praise You from Sheol?
Here: 'Your mention' or 'mention of you': speaking God's name aloud in praise and thanks. It is more than private memory. The parallel with 'give thanks' in the next line points to worship.
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Psalm 9:6 זִכְרָ֣ם memory their
The enemy has come to eternal ruin, and You have uprooted their cities; the very memory of them has vanished.
Here: How a people goes on being mentioned and named after it is gone. Losing it means being wiped out of history. "Their" most naturally means the enemies, though it could also mean the cities.
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Psalm 30:4 לְזֵ֣כֶר to [the] remembrance of
Sing to the LORD, O you His saints, and praise His holy name.
Here: 'To the remembrance of'. Zeker is God as he is called to mind and spoken of: his name as people say it in worship. Elsewhere it stands parallel to 'name' (Exodus 3:15). That is why many versions translate it 'name'.
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Psalm 34:16 זִכְרָֽם׃ memory their
But the face of the LORD is against those who do evil, to wipe out all memory of them from the earth.
Here: 'Their remembrance': the name, line and reputation by which a person goes on existing among the living. Losing it means more than being forgotten. It is the end of a family's survival in the world.
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Psalm 97:12 לְזֵ֣כֶר to [the] remembrance of
Rejoice in the LORD, you righteous ones, and praise His holy name.
Here: 'To the zēker.' This is the name as it is spoken, called on and celebrated in worship. The little word 'to' (lə-) is the normal way this verb marks whom the praise is aimed at ('give thanks to YHWH'), so the zēker is what the praise is directed to. It is not just the occasion on which one gives thanks.
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Psalm 102:12 וְ֝זִכְרְךָ֗ and remembrance of you
But You, O LORD, sit enthroned forever; Your renown endures to all generations.
Here: 'Your remembrance' means God's name as it is spoken, invoked and handed on in worship. It is the same word paired with 'my name' in Exod 3:15. It refers to the living use of his name by worshippers, not a monument and not mere fame.
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Psalm 109:15 זִכְרָֽם׃ memory their
May their sins always remain before the LORD, that He may cut off their memory from the earth.
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Psalm 111:4 זֵ֣כֶר remembrance
He has caused His wonders to be remembered; the LORD is gracious and compassionate.
Here: A memorial or act of commemoration: something that keeps an event alive by saying it aloud, naming it, or acting it out. It comes first in the line for emphasis, and because this is an alphabet poem it has to start with the letter zayin.
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Psalm 112:6 לְזֵ֥כֶר <into> a memory of
Surely he will never be shaken; the righteous man will be remembered forever.
Here: 'For / into a remembrance.' The righteous man becomes a memorial: his name is spoken and kept alive in the community. Zēker often stands alongside 'name' (šēm) as a near-synonym.
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Psalm 135:13 זִכְרְךָ֥ remembrance your
Your name, O LORD, endures forever, Your renown, O LORD, through all generations.
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Psalm 145:7 זֵ֣כֶר [the] remembrance of
They will extol the fame of Your abundant goodness and sing joyfully of Your righteousness.
Here: Not a private thought but the spoken, public memory of God: the story told about him, his reputation. It stands first because Psalm 145 is an alphabet poem and this is the line for the letter zayin, but it also puts the 'memorial' in the place of emphasis.
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 10:7 זֵ֣כֶר [the] memory of
The memory of the righteous is a blessing, but the name of the wicked will rot.
Here: Not a private feeling but the person as remembered and spoken of: their name said aloud by others. It is the partner word of 'name' in the second line, as it is elsewhere in the Bible (Exodus 3:15).
Ecclesiastes · 1
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Ecclesiastes 9:5 זִכְרָֽם׃ memory their
For the living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing. They have no further reward, because the memory of them is forgotten.
Here: 'Their remembrance': how the dead are remembered among the living, their name and legacy. It does not mean the dead person's own memories. Its sound (z-k-r) plays on sakhar (s-k-r), 'wage'.
Isaiah · 2
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Isaiah 26:8 וּֽלְזִכְרְךָ֖ and for memory your
Yes, we wait for You, O LORD; we walk in the path of Your judgments. Your name and renown are the desire of our souls.
Here: 'And toward your remembrance.' This is the way God is remembered, mentioned and called on in worship. It echoes Exodus 3:15, where God's name is called his 'remembrance for all generations'. It pairs with 'name' as a near-synonym.
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Isaiah 26:14 זֵ֖כֶר remembrance
The dead will not live; the departed spirits will not rise. Therefore You have punished and destroyed them; You have wiped out all memory of them.
Here: Not just people's memories. It is the public, ongoing remembering of someone: the name spoken aloud, kept alive by descendants, monuments and rites for the dead. It echoes verse 13, where Israel says 'your name alone we invoke' (nazkîr, the same root).
Hosea · 2
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Hosea 12:5 זִכְרֽוֹ׃ [is] memorial his
the LORD God of Hosts, the LORD is His name of renown.
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Hosea 14:7 זִכְר֖וֹ memorial its
They will return and dwell in his shade; they will grow grain and blossom like the vine. His renown will be like the wine of Lebanon.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.