Hebrew word · H2721
חֹ֫רֶב
chorev
drought
Dryness, drought, parching heat (BDB, HALOT). It can describe the heat of the day (Gen 31:40), a fleece left dry (Judg 6:37–40), and drought as a disaster (Jer 50:38, where it also puns on 'sword').
Appears 16 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) dryness, drought, heat
1a) dryness
1b) drought
1c) parching heat
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Dryness, drought, parching heat (BDB, HALOT). It can describe the heat of the day (Gen 31:40), a fleece left dry (Judg 6:37–40), and drought as a disaster (Jer 50:38, where it also puns on 'sword'). It comes from the root ḥ-r-b, 'be dry, lie waste', the same root behind ḥārēv, 'desolate, in ruins', and ḥorbâ, 'a ruin'.
- Against the English
Every major English version says 'drought', which is accurate. What English cannot carry is the sound-link to 'ruined' in 1:4 and 1:9.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In the same chapter: 'this house lies ḥārēv' (1:4) and 'because of my house that lies ḥārēv' (1:9). Jeremiah 50:35–38 plays on the same consonants, ḥerev 'sword' and ḥōrev 'drought'. The Septuagint of Haggai 1:11 actually reads 'sword' (rhomphaia), showing how close the two words are in unpointed Hebrew.
From the study of Jeremiah 50:38
- Range of meaning
Dryness, drought, scorching heat (Gen 31:40; Judg 6:37–40; Isa 25:5; Hag 1:11). It shares a root with ḥārēv "to be dry, laid waste" and ḥorbâ "ruin". The same three consonants also spell ḥerev "sword", and the meanings meet in the idea of devastation.
- Against the English
KJV, BSB, WEB, ESV and NIV all read "drought", following the Masoretic vowels (the vowel marks added to the Hebrew text by medieval scribes). YLT reads "sword". Neither English choice can show the pun the Hebrew ear would have heard.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Haggai 1:11 has God calling a ḥōrev on land and crops. In Jer 50:35–37 the poem says ḥerev ʾel- ("a sword against!") five times: against the Chaldeans, the officials, the wise men, the diviners, the warriors, the horses and chariots, the foreigners and the treasuries. In 51:36 God says, "I will dry up her sea and make her fountain dry."
Similar words
Where it appears
Genesis · 1
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Genesis 31:40 חֹ֖רֶב heat
As it was, the heat consumed me by day and the frost by night, and sleep fled from my eyes.
Judges · 3
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Judges 6:37 חֹ֔רֶב dryness
then behold, I will place a fleece of wool on the threshing floor. If there is dew only on the fleece and all the ground is dry, then I will know that You are going to save Israel by my hand, as You have said.”
Here: A noun: "and on all the ground, dryness." It's stronger than "not wet": a parched, dry state. YLT keeps the noun with "drought."
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Judges 6:39 חֹ֤רֶב dryness
Then Gideon said to God, “Do not be angry with me; let me speak one more time. Please allow me one more test with the fleece. This time let it be dry, and the ground covered with dew.”
Here: Dryness. Elsewhere it can mean scorching heat or drought (Gen 31:40). Here it means a fleece with not a drop on it.
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Judges 6:40 חֹ֤רֶב dryness
And that night God did so. Only the fleece was dry, and dew covered the ground.
Job · 1
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Job 30:30 חֹֽרֶב׃ heat
My skin grows black and peels, and my bones burn with fever.
Isaiah · 5
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Isaiah 4:6 מֵחֹ֑רֶב from [the] heat
a shelter to give shade from the heat by day, and a refuge and hiding place from the storm and the rain.
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Isaiah 25:4 מֵחֹ֔רֶב from heat
For You have been a refuge for the poor, a stronghold for the needy in distress, a refuge from the storm, a shade from the heat. For the breath of the ruthless is like rain against a wall,
Here: "From the scorching heat": the dry blaze of summer or of the desert wind. With the storm, it covers both extremes of the year.
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Isaiah 25:5 כְּחֹ֣רֶב חֹ֚רֶב like heat, heat
like heat in a dry land. You subdue the uproar of foreigners. As the shade of a cloud cools the heat, so the song of the ruthless is silenced.
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Isaiah 61:4 חֹ֔רֶב devastation
They will rebuild the ancient ruins; they will restore the places long devastated; they will renew the ruined cities, the desolations of many generations.
Here: From the same root as ḥorvōt earlier in the verse (the root means 'be dry, be laid waste'). 'Cities of devastation' means ruined cities. The repeated ḥ-r-b sound ties the lines together.
Jeremiah · 3
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Jeremiah 36:30 לַחֹ֥רֶב to the heat
Therefore this is what the LORD says about Jehoiakim king of Judah: He will have no one to sit on David’s throne, and his body will be thrown out and exposed to heat by day and frost by night.
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Jeremiah 49:13 לְחֹ֥רֶב <into> a desolation
For by Myself I have sworn, declares the LORD, that Bozrah will become a desolation, a disgrace, a ruin, and a curse, and all her cities will be in ruins forever.”
Here: A dried-up, devastated ruin. The same root returns at the end of the verse in "ruins," which ties the sentence together.
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Jeremiah 50:38 חֹ֥רֶב a drought
A drought is upon her waters, and they will be dried up. For it is a land of graven images, and the people go mad over idols.
Here: A deadly dryness aimed at Babylon. The word has the same consonants as ḥerev, "sword", which opens each of the five lines before it (vv. 35–37), so the hearer expects "sword!" and hears "drought!" The judgment changes weapons, but it is the same attack.
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 29:10 חֹ֣רֶב destruction
therefore I am against you and against your rivers. I will turn the land of Egypt into a ruin, a desolate wasteland from Migdol to Syene, and as far as the border of Cush.
Here: 'Waste' or 'dryness'. The root means both 'be dry' and 'be laid waste'. Said about a land whose life is its river, it suggests the Nile country dried out. 'Ruins of waste' works almost as a superlative: utter ruin.
Zephaniah · 1
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Zephaniah 2:14 חֹ֣רֶב desolation
Herds will lie down in her midst, creatures of every kind. Both the desert owl and screech owl will roost atop her pillars. Their calls will sound from the window, but desolation will lie on the threshold, for He will expose the beams of cedar.
Haggai · 1
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Haggai 1:11 חֹ֜רֶב a drought
I have summoned a drought on the fields and on the mountains, on the grain, new wine, and oil, and on whatever the ground yields, on man and beast, and on all the labor of your hands.”
Here: Drought, the drying-up of land and crops. It sounds almost the same as ḥārēv, 'lying in ruins', the word used of God's house in 1:4 and 1:9: because his house is ḥārēv, he calls ḥōrev on theirs.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.