Hebrew word · H4256
מַחֲלֹ֫קֶת
machalukto
division
A noun built on the verb ḥalaq, 'to divide, apportion, share out' (BDB, HALOT). The idea underneath is always a whole that has been shared out in fixed parts.
Appears 42 times in 36 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) division, course, class, share, allotment
1a) division, part
1b) division, class, course
1b1) of priests, Levites (technical term of organisation)
Aramaic equivalent: mach.le.qah (מַחְלְקָה "class" H4255)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of 1 Chronicles 24:1
- Range of meaning
A noun built on the verb ḥalaq, 'to divide, apportion, share out' (BDB, HALOT). It can mean (1) a division or section of a group, such as the rotating courses of priests, Levites, singers, gatekeepers, or army units (1 Chr 23–27; 2 Chr 8:14; 31:2); (2) a portion or allotment, such as the tribal divisions of the land (Josh 11:23; 12:7; 18:10); (3) once, in a place name, a 'parting' (1 Sam 23:28, Sela-hammahlekoth, 'Rock of Divisions/Escape'). The idea underneath is always a whole that has been shared out in fixed parts.
- Against the English
Most versions have 'divisions'. The older English 'courses' (KJV elsewhere, YLT here) catches the idea of a rotation, a 'turn' that comes round. 'Groups' (some paraphrases) is accurate but loses the sense of an allotted share.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Joshua uses the same word for the tribal allotments of Canaan, which were also assigned by lot (Josh 18:10). In Chronicles it becomes the technical word for the temple rotations (1 Chr 23:6; 24:1; 26:1, 12; 27:1; 28:1, 13, 21). Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, a whole group of calendar texts (4Q320–330, often called Mishmarot, 'watches') plot the 24 priestly courses week by week across a multi-year cycle. Luke 1:5, 8 calls Zechariah's course ephēmeria ('the course of Abijah'), the Greek term of the period for one of these rotations.
From the study of 1 Chronicles 27:11
- Range of meaning
From the root ch-l-q, "to divide, apportion, allot". It can mean (1) an allotted portion or share of land (Joshua 11:23; 12:7, "according to their divisions"); (2) a section or class of people with a set turn of duty, especially priests and Levites (1 Chronicles 23:6; 24:1; 2 Chronicles 8:14; 31:2); (3) a military division serving in rotation (1 Chronicles 27 throughout).
- Against the English
BSB, WEB, NIV and ESV say "division", which gets the unit right but loses the idea of taking turns. KJV and YLT say "course", which in older English meant a turn in a rotation (as in Luke 1:5, "the course of Abijah"). That is accurate, but a modern reader may hear "course" as a class or route.
- How it drifted
The KJV's "course" was precise in 1611 but has since narrowed in everyday English to education and direction.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Most uses are in Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah. Joshua uses it for allotted tribal land. The idea of rotating courses lasted into the Second Temple period: the Dead Sea Scrolls' priestly rotation calendars (the Mishmarot texts, 4Q320–330) and Luke 1:5–8 both assume 24 rotating priestly courses.
From the study of 1 Chronicles 27:10
- Range of meaning
A 'division' or 'portion' made by dividing something up (root ḥalaq, 'to divide, allot'). It can mean (1) a share of land given out to a tribe (Josh 11:23; 12:7; 18:10), (2) a rotating 'course' or shift of priests, Levites, gatekeepers or musicians (1 Chr 23:6; 24:1; 26:1, 12; 2 Chr 8:14; 31:2), or (3) a rotating militia unit, as in this chapter (1 Chr 27:1–15).
- Against the English
KJV 'course' keeps the sense of taking turns in a rotation. BSB, WEB, ESV and NIV say 'division', which is accurate but can make a modern reader think of a permanent army formation.
- How it drifted
Since the 19th century, 'division' has been a technical term for a large standing army unit. The Hebrew word is about a share of a rotation, not a permanent formation.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The word appears mostly in Chronicles and Joshua and is typical of the Chronicler's administrative vocabulary. Later Jewish sources describe the priestly 'courses' (mishmarot) as serving the Temple in weekly rotations. Luke 1:5, 8 ('the division of Abijah') reflects this system, and so do the mishmarot calendar texts from Qumran.
Similar words
Where it appears
Joshua · 3
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Joshua 11:23 כְּמַחְלְקֹתָ֖ם according to divisions their
So Joshua took the entire land, in keeping with all that the LORD had spoken to Moses. And Joshua gave it as an inheritance to Israel according to the allotments to their tribes. Then the land had rest from war.
Here: 'By their portions/divisions', from the root meaning 'to divide, apportion'. It anticipates the allotment by lot in chapters 14–19: the land is divided into shares, not grabbed at will.
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Joshua 12:7 כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם׃ according to divisions their
And these are the kings of the land that Joshua and the Israelites conquered beyond the Jordan to the west, from Baal-gad in the Valley of Lebanon to Mount Halak, which rises toward Seir (according to the allotments to the tribes of Israel, Joshua gave them as an inheritance
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Joshua 18:10 כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם׃ פ according to divisions their
And Joshua cast lots for them in the presence of the LORD at Shiloh, where he distributed the land to the Israelites according to their divisions.
Here: 'According to their divisions', meaning by the tribal groupings of the people (compare 11:23 and 12:7). It comes from the same root as the verb 'apportioned', so the clause ends on an echo: he portioned the land by their portions. The final פ is a scribal paragraph mark, not a word.
1 Chronicles · 26
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1 Chronicles 23:6 מַחְלְק֑וֹת ס divisions
Then David divided the Levites into divisions according to the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
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1 Chronicles 24:1 מַחְלְקוֹתָ֑ם divisions their
These were the divisions of the descendants of Aaron. The sons of Aaron were Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.
Here: 'Their divisions' or 'their portions': the groups the priesthood was split into so they could take turns serving in the sanctuary. The word comes from the verb 'to divide, to share out', and it is the word for the sections of a whole that were each given their own share.
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1 Chronicles 26:1 לְמַחְלְק֖וֹת to divisions
These were the divisions of the gatekeepers: From the Korahites: Meshelemiah son of Kore, one of the sons of Asaph.
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1 Chronicles 26:12 מַחְלְק֨וֹת [the] divisions of
These divisions of the gatekeepers, through their chief men, had duties for ministering in the house of the LORD, just as their relatives did.
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1 Chronicles 26:19 מַחְלְקוֹת֙ [were] [the] divisions of
These were the divisions of the gatekeepers who were descendants of Korah and Merari.
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1 Chronicles 27:1 הַֽמַּחְלְק֗וֹת הַֽמַּחֲלֹ֙קֶת֙ the divisions, the division
This is the list of the Israelites—the heads of families, the commanders of thousands and of hundreds, and their officers who served the king in every matter concerning the divisions on rotating military duty each month throughout the year. There were 24,000 men in each division:
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1 Chronicles 27:2 הַמַּחֲלֹ֤קֶת מַֽחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ the division, division his
Jashobeam son of Zabdiel was in charge of the first division, which was assigned the first month. There were 24,000 men in his division.
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1 Chronicles 27:4 מַחֲלֹ֣קֶת׀ וּמַ֣חֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ [the] division of, and division his, division his
Dodai the Ahohite was in charge of the division for the second month, and Mikloth was the leader. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: 'The division of', a share or allotted section. The Chronicler uses the same word for the priestly and Levitical rotations (chapters 23–26), so it carries the idea of a group that takes its turn.
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1 Chronicles 27:5 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The third army commander, as chief for the third month, was Benaiah son of Jehoiada the priest. There were 24,000 men in his division.
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1 Chronicles 27:6 וּמַ֣חֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ and division his
This Benaiah was mighty among the Thirty and was over the Thirty, and his son Ammizabad was in charge of his division.
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1 Chronicles 27:7 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The fourth, for the fourth month, was Joab’s brother Asahel, and his son Zebadiah was commander after him. There were 24,000 men in his division.
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1 Chronicles 27:8 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The fifth, for the fifth month, was the commander Shamhuth the Izrahite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
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1 Chronicles 27:9 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The sixth, for the sixth month, was Ira son of Ikkesh the Tekoite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: "His division." The word comes from a root meaning "to divide" or "to apportion," so it means a share or section. Chronicles uses the same word for the rotating duty groups of priests and Levites (1 Chr 23–24).
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1 Chronicles 27:10 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The seventh, for the seventh month, was Helez the Pelonite, an Ephraimite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: 'His allotted portion, his shift', from ḥalaq, 'to divide, apportion'. Chronicles uses the same word for the rotating 'courses' of priests and Levites (1 Chr 23–24). It means a group taking its turn in a rotation, which is why the KJV says 'course'.
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1 Chronicles 27:11 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The eighth, for the eighth month, was Sibbecai the Hushathite, a Zerahite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: "His division": his share of the rotation. The same word names the priestly and Levitical duty rotations in 1 Chronicles 23–26, so the army is described in the same terms as the temple staff.
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1 Chronicles 27:12 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The ninth, for the ninth month, was Abiezer the Anathothite, a Benjamite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: "His division." The word comes from ḥalaq, "to divide or allot," and means a share or section marked off for a turn of duty. The same word is used for the rotating priestly and Levitical shifts in 1 Chronicles 23–26.
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1 Chronicles 27:13 מַֽחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The tenth, for the tenth month, was Maharai the Netophathite, a Zerahite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: 'His division.' The word comes from the root 'to divide, apportion.' Here it means a unit that takes its turn on a fixed rota, the same word the Chronicler uses for the rotating priestly and Levitical groups in chapters 23–26.
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1 Chronicles 27:14 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The eleventh, for the eleventh month, was Benaiah the Pirathonite, an Ephraimite. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: 'His division': the share of men who served on rotation under him. The same word is used for the priestly and Levitical duty rosters in chapters 23–26.
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1 Chronicles 27:15 מַחֲלֻקְתּ֔וֹ division his
The twelfth, for the twelfth month, was Heldai the Netophathite, from the family of Othniel. There were 24,000 men in his division.
Here: 'His division'. The word means a portion assigned by dividing a group up. Chronicles uses the same word for the rotating shifts of priests and Levites (1 Chr 24:1; 26:1). KJV's 'course' brings out the idea of taking turns.
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1 Chronicles 28:1 הַמַּחְלְק֣וֹת the divisions
Now David summoned all the leaders of Israel to Jerusalem: the leaders of the tribes, the leaders of the divisions in the king’s service, the commanders of thousands and of hundreds, and the officials in charge of all the property and cattle of the king and his sons, along with the court officials and mighty men—every mighty man of valor.
Here: The twelve divisions of 24,000 men, each on duty one month of the year (27:1–15). 'Division' here means a shift in a rotation, not only a unit.
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1 Chronicles 28:13 וּֽלְמַחְלְקוֹת֙ and for [the] divisions of
for the divisions of the priests and Levites, for all the work of service in the house of the LORD, and for all the articles of service in the house of the LORD:
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1 Chronicles 28:21 מַחְלְקוֹת֙ [the] divisions of
The divisions of the priests and Levites are ready for all the service of the house of God, and every willing man of every skill will be at your disposal for the work. The officials and all the people are fully at your command.”
2 Chronicles · 11
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2 Chronicles 5:11 לְמַחְלְקֽוֹת׃ to divisions
Now all the priests who were present had consecrated themselves regardless of their divisions. And when the priests came out of the Holy Place,
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2 Chronicles 8:14 מַחְלְק֨וֹת בְּמַחְלְקוֹתָ֖ם [the] divisions of, by divisions their
In keeping with the ordinances of his father David, Solomon appointed the divisions of the priests over their service, and the Levites for their duties to offer praise and to minister before the priests according to the daily requirement. He also appointed gatekeepers by their divisions at each gate, for this had been the command of David, the man of God.
Here: The rotating duty-groups of priests (twenty-four of them per 1 Chronicles 24), each serving in turn. 'Courses' (KJV) means a rotation, like a shift.
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2 Chronicles 23:8 הַֽמַּחְלְקֽוֹת׃ the divisions
So the Levites and all Judah did everything that Jehoiada the priest had ordered. Each of them took his men—those coming on duty on the Sabbath and those going off duty—for Jehoiada the priest had not released any of the divisions.
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2 Chronicles 31:2 מַחְלְק֣וֹת מַחְלְקוֹתָ֞ם [the] divisions of, divisions their
Hezekiah reestablished the divisions of the priests and Levites—each of them according to their duties as priests or Levites—for the burnt offerings and peace offerings, for ministry, for giving thanks, and for singing praises at the gates of the LORD’s dwelling.
Here: Organised groups of personnel, from a root meaning 'to divide, to apportion'. In Chronicles these are duty groups that take turns at the temple.
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2 Chronicles 31:15 בְּמַחְלְק֔וֹת by divisions
Under his authority, Eden, Miniamin, Jeshua, Shemaiah, Amariah, and Shecaniah faithfully distributed portions to their fellow priests in their cities, according to their divisions, old and young alike.
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2 Chronicles 31:16 כְּמַחְלְקוֹתֵיהֶֽם׃ according to divisions their
In addition, they distributed portions to the males registered by genealogy who were three years of age or older—to all who would enter the house of the LORD for their daily duties for service in the responsibilities of their divisions—
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2 Chronicles 31:17 בְּמַחְלְקוֹתֵיהֶֽם׃ by divisions their
and to the priests enrolled according to their families in the genealogy, as well as to the Levites twenty years of age or older, according to their responsibilities and divisions.
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2 Chronicles 35:4 כְּמַחְלְקוֹתֵיכֶ֑ם according to divisions your
Prepare yourselves by families in your divisions, according to the instructions written by David king of Israel and Solomon his son.
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2 Chronicles 35:10 מַחְלְקוֹתָ֖ם divisions their
So the service was prepared; the priests stood in their places and the Levites in their divisions according to the king’s command.
Nehemiah · 1
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Nehemiah 11:36 מַחְלְק֥וֹת [the] divisions of
And some divisions of the Levites of Judah settled in Benjamin.
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 48:29 מַחְלְקוֹתָ֔ם [are] portions their
This is the land you are to allot as an inheritance to the tribes of Israel, and these will be their portions,” declares the Lord GOD.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.