Hebrew word · H4334

מִישׁוֹר

mishor

plain

Level ground, plain, flat tableland. It is also the name of the plateau of Moab ('the Mishor', Deut 3:10; Josh 13:9). Figuratively it means straightness or uprightness: equity or fairness in judgment (Isa 11:4; Ps 45:6; 67:4), upright conduct (Mal 2:6).

Appears 23 times in 23 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) level place, uprightness

1a) level country, table-land, plain

1b) level place

1c) uprightness

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 40:4

Range of meaning

Level ground, plain, flat tableland. It is also the name of the plateau of Moab ('the Mishor', Deut 3:10; Josh 13:9). Figuratively it means straightness or uprightness: equity or fairness in judgment (Isa 11:4; Ps 45:6; 67:4), upright conduct (Mal 2:6). It comes from the root yshr, 'be straight, level, right', the same root as the imperative yashsheru, 'make straight', in 40:3.

Against the English

"Level" (WEB, ESV), "smooth" (BSB) and "plain" (KJV, YLT) all fit. None of them can carry the word's second sense of rightness and fairness.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ps 27:11 'lead me on a level path (orach mishor)'; Ps 143:10 'lead me on level ground'. The image of God leading on level ground is a natural link between road and right conduct in Hebrew.

From the study of Psalm 143:10

Range of meaning

(1) Level ground, a plain or tableland. Ha-mîšôr is the name for the Transjordanian plateau of Moab (Deuteronomy 3:10; 4:43; Joshua 13:9). (2) By metaphor, straightness in conduct and judgment: equity, uprightness, fairness (Psalm 45:6 [7]; Isaiah 11:4; Malachi 2:6). It comes from the root yāšar, "be straight, upright".

Against the English

BSB, NIV, ESV and NASB give "level ground", the physical picture. KJV, WEB and YLT give "land of uprightness", the moral sense. NLT gives "firm footing", which is about safety. Every English rendering has to drop one side of a word that held both.

How it drifted

Not a drift so much as a forced choice. English has no single word that means both "flat terrain" and "moral straightness".

Used elsewhere in the period

Psalm 26:12: "my foot stands on level ground (mîšôr)". Psalm 27:11: "lead me on a level path (ʾōraḥ mîšôr) because of my enemies". Isaiah 40:4: "the rough places shall become level (mîšôr)". Isaiah 11:4: the coming king "will decide with equity (mîšôr) for the meek". Psalm 67:4 [5]: God judges the peoples "with equity".

From the study of Psalm 26:12

Range of meaning

From the root y-sh-r, "to be straight, level, right". As a physical word it means level or flat ground, a plain, and as a place name it means the tableland plateau east of the Jordan (Deut 3:10; 4:43; Josh 13:9). As a moral and legal word it means uprightness, equity, fair dealing (Ps 45:6/7, "a scepter of uprightness"; Isa 11:4, "decide with equity for the meek"; Mal 2:6, "he walked with me in peace and uprightness").

Against the English

BSB, ESV, NIV and others say "level ground" or "an even place" (KJV), which keeps the physical picture. YLT says "uprightness", which keeps the moral sense and loses the picture. Neither choice is wrong. Hebrew can hold both at once, and English has to pick one.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ps 27:11 (the very next psalm): "lead me on a level path (ʾōraḥ mîšôr)". Ps 143:10: "let your good Spirit lead me on level ground (ʾereṣ mîšôr)". Isa 40:4: rough places become a plain. The Greek Septuagint here takes the moral sense, en euthutēti, "in uprightness".

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 2
  1. Deuteronomy 3:10 הַמִּישֹׁ֗ר the plain

    all the cities of the plateau, all of Gilead, and all of Bashan as far as the cities of Salecah and Edrei in the kingdom of Og.

  2. Deuteronomy 4:43 הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר the plain

    Bezer in the wilderness on the plateau belonging to the Reubenites, Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the Gadites, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the Manassites.

Joshua · 5
  1. Joshua 13:9 הַמִּישֹׁ֥ר the plain

    The area from Aroer on the rim of the Arnon Valley, along with the city in the middle of the valley, the whole plateau of Medeba as far as Dibon,

  2. Joshua 13:16 הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר the plain

    The territory from Aroer on the rim of the Arnon Valley, along with the city in the middle of the valley, to the whole plateau beyond Medeba,

  3. Joshua 13:17 בַּמִּישֹׁ֑ר [are] in the plain

    to Heshbon and all its cities on the plateau, including Dibon, Bamoth-baal, Beth-baal-meon,

  4. Joshua 13:21 הַמִּישֹׁ֔ר the plain

    all the cities of the plateau and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon until Moses killed him and the chiefs of Midian (Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba), the princes of Sihon who lived in the land.

  5. Joshua 20:8 בַּמִּישֹׁ֖ר in the plain

    And beyond the Jordan, east of Jericho, they designated Bezer on the wilderness plateau from the tribe of Reuben, Ramoth in Gilead from the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan from the tribe of Manasseh.

1 Kings · 2
  1. 1 Kings 20:23 בַּמִּישׁ֔וֹר on the level ground

    Meanwhile, the servants of the king of Aram said to him, “Their gods are gods of the hills. That is why they prevailed over us. Instead, we should fight them on the plains; surely then we will prevail.

  2. 1 Kings 20:25 בַּמִּישׁ֔וֹר on the level ground

    And you must raise an army like the one you have lost—horse for horse and chariot for chariot—so we can fight the Israelites on the plain, where we will surely prevail.” And the king approved their plan and acted accordingly.

2 Chronicles · 1
  1. 2 Chronicles 26:10 וּבַמִּישׁ֑וֹר and in the plain

    Since he had much livestock in the foothills and in the plain, he built towers in the desert and dug many cisterns. And since he was a lover of the soil, he had farmers and vinedressers in the hill country and in the fertile fields.

Psalms · 5
  1. Psalm 26:12 בְמִישׁ֑וֹר on level ground

    My feet stand on level ground; in the congregations I will bless the LORD.

    Here: "On level ground": flat, even terrain with no rocks to trip on and no slope to slide down, the opposite of slipping. The same word also means "uprightness, fairness", so the picture carries a moral side: a straight place to stand, where a person of integrity is kept safe. The Hebrew main pause falls here and splits the verse in two.

  2. Psalm 27:11 מִישׁ֑וֹר level ground

    Teach me Your way, O LORD, and lead me on a level path, because of my oppressors.

    Here: Flat, even ground with nothing to trip over and nowhere for an ambusher to hide. The same word means moral evenness and fair judgment, so 'level path' also suggests an upright path.

  3. Psalm 45:6 מִ֝ישֹׁ֗ר uprightness

    Your throne, O God, endures forever and ever, and justice is the scepter of Your kingdom.

    Here: 'Levelness.' The literal sense is flat, even ground. As a picture, it is a straight, fair rule that does not tilt toward the powerful. It describes what kind of scepter this is.

  4. Psalm 67:4 מִישׁ֑וֹר uprightness

    Let the nations be glad and sing for joy, for You judge the peoples justly and lead the nations of the earth. Selah

    Here: Literally 'level ground'. Here it describes how God judges: fairly, with no bias and no tilted scales.

  5. Psalm 143:10 מִישֽׁוֹר׃ level ground

    Teach me to do Your will, for You are my God. May Your good Spirit lead me on level ground.

    Here: "Level ground". It comes from the root for "straight, upright". It means flat, even country where a person does not stumble and cannot easily be ambushed, and it also carries the moral sense of straightness, fairness and uprightness.

Isaiah · 3
  1. Isaiah 11:4 בְּמִישׁ֖וֹר with uprightness

    but with righteousness He will judge the poor, and with equity He will decide for the lowly of the earth. He will strike the earth with the rod of His mouth and slay the wicked with the breath of His lips.

    Here: Literally flat, even ground. Used of justice, it pictures a ruling with no slope tilted toward the rich or powerful, a level playing field.

  2. Isaiah 40:4 לְמִישׁ֔וֹר <into> level ground

    Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill made low; the uneven ground will become smooth, and the rugged land a plain.

    Here: "Into level land": flat, even ground where walking is easy. The same word can also mean fairness or uprightness (Isa 11:4; Ps 45:6), so a faint moral note is possible, but the picture here is terrain.

  3. Isaiah 42:16 לְמִישׁ֔וֹר <into> level ground

    I will lead the blind by a way they did not know; I will guide them on unfamiliar paths. I will turn darkness into light before them and rough places into level ground. These things I will do for them, and I will not forsake them.

    Here: Flat, even land such as a plateau or plain. The words echo 40:4, where the rough ground becomes a plain for the highway home.

Jeremiah · 3
  1. Jeremiah 21:13 הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר the plain

    Behold, I am against you who dwell above the valley, atop the rocky plateau—declares the LORD—you who say, “Who can come against us? Who can enter our dwellings?”

    Here: 'Of the level ground / tableland'. Together with 'rock' it means a flat-topped rocky height. Elsewhere the same word means 'equity, uprightness', which may sound faintly against the call to do justice in the verse before.

  2. Jeremiah 48:8 הַמִּישֹׁ֑ר the plain

    The destroyer will move against every city, and not one town will escape. The valley will also be ruined, and the high plain will be destroyed, as the LORD has said.

  3. Jeremiah 48:21 הַמִּישֹׁ֑ר the plain

    Judgment has come upon the high plain—upon Holon, Jahzah, and Mephaath,

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 4:7 לְמִישֹׁ֑ר <into> level ground

    What are you, O great mountain? Before Zerubbabel you will become a plain. Then he will bring forth the capstone accompanied by shouts of ‘Grace, grace to it!’”

    Here: "To level ground!" There is no verb: the clause is an exclamation, "before Zerubbabel — flat!" The same word ends Isaiah 40:4, where every mountain is brought low for God's return.

Malachi · 1
  1. Malachi 2:6 וּבְמִישׁוֹר֙ and in uprightness

    True instruction was in his mouth, and nothing false was found on his lips. He walked with Me in peace and uprightness, and he turned many from iniquity.

    Here: 'And in levelness'. Literally a flat plain, used for straight, even-handed conduct and fair judgment. With 'walked' it keeps the picture of a road: he walked on level, straight ground.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.