Hebrew word · H4349
מָכוֹן
mekhon
foundation
A fixed or established place, a site, a dwelling place. A foundation or base. From kûn, 'to be firm, set up, established'.
Appears 17 times in 17 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) fixed or established place, foundation
1a) fixed place
1b) foundation
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
A fixed or established place, a site, a dwelling place. A foundation or base. From kûn, 'to be firm, set up, established'.
- Against the English
BSB, WEB, ESV, NIV and NASB have 'foundation'. YLT has 'basis'. KJV has 'habitation', which follows the 'dwelling place' sense (Exod 15:17; 1 Kgs 8:13, 'a place for you to dwell forever').
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exod 15:17 and 1 Kgs 8:13, 39: God's dwelling place. Ps 89:14 and here: base of the throne. Ps 104:5: the earth set 'on its foundations' (mĕkônêhā). There is an Egyptian background (Brunner 1958): royal thrones stood on a pedestal shaped like the hieroglyph for maʿat, 'truth/right order'. In picture form, right order literally held up the throne.
- Range of meaning
A fixed or prepared place, site, base, foundation. From the root kûn, 'to be firm, set up, established'. It is used especially of God's own dwelling place: 'the place (məkôn) for your dwelling' (Exod 15:17; 1 Kgs 8:13, 39), and 'righteousness and justice are the foundation (məkôn) of your throne' (Ps 89:14; 97:2).
- Against the English
'Foundations' is a fair rendering. YLT's 'bases' is closer to the physical picture of supports. A modern reader may think of geology (bedrock, the planet's core). The Hebrew picture is architectural and cosmic: the supports the inhabited world stands on.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Elsewhere the earth's supports are called 'pillars' (ʿammûdîm, Ps 75:3; Job 9:6) or 'foundations/sockets' (Job 38:6; 1 Sam 2:8, 'the pillars of the earth are the LORD's, and on them he has set the world'). The LXX here translates loosely as asphaleia, 'stability, security'.
- Range of meaning
A fixed or established place, a site, a foundation. It is used especially of God's dwelling place, on earth or in heaven (Exod 15:17; 1 Kgs 8:13, 39, 43, 49; Ps 33:14; Isa 18:4), and of the foundation of his throne (Ps 89:14; 97:2).
- Against the English
KJV and WEB give 'dwelling place' and 'habitation', and YLT gives 'fixed place', all of which keep the noun. BSB and NIV simplify to 'all of Mount Zion', which keeps the scope but drops the overtone of a sacred, established site.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exodus 15:17: 'the place (makhon) for your dwelling that you have made, O LORD, the sanctuary.' 1 Kings 8:13: Solomon's 'place (makhon) for you to dwell in forever.'
Where it appears
Exodus · 1
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Exodus 15:17 מָכ֧וֹן a place
You will bring them in and plant them on the mountain of Your inheritance—the place, O LORD, You have prepared for Your dwelling, the sanctuary, O Lord, Your hands have established.
Here: From the root kun, 'to be firm, set up'. It means a firmly fixed site or base, especially the seat of a throne or temple. It echoes the closing verb 'established' (from the same root), which frames the two lines.
1 Kings · 4
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1 Kings 8:13 מָכ֥וֹן a place
I have indeed built You an exalted house, a place for You to dwell forever.”
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1 Kings 8:39 מְכ֤וֹן [the] place of
be heard by You from heaven, Your dwelling place. And may You forgive and act, and repay each man according to all his ways, since You know his heart—for You alone know the hearts of all men—
Here: This noun comes from the root for 'be firm, established'. It means a settled, permanent base. YLT keeps this with 'the settled place'.
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1 Kings 8:43 מְכ֣וֹן [the] place
then may You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place, and do according to all for which the foreigner calls to You. Then all the peoples of the earth will know Your name and fear You, as do Your people Israel, and they will know that this house I have built is called by Your Name.
Here: From a root meaning 'to stand firm, be set up.' It is the settled, established base where something stands. Here it renames 'the heavens' as God's permanent seat.
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1 Kings 8:49 מְכ֣וֹן [the] place
then may You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place, their prayer and petition, and may You uphold their cause.
2 Chronicles · 4
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2 Chronicles 6:2 וּמָכ֥וֹן and a place
But I have built You an exalted house, a place for You to dwell forever.”
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2 Chronicles 6:30 מְכ֤וֹן [the] place of
be heard by You from heaven, Your dwelling place. And may You forgive and repay each man according to all his ways, since You know his heart—for You alone know the hearts of men—
Here: From the root "to be firm, established": a firm, set place. Heaven is God's permanent seat, while the temple is the place toward which people pray.
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2 Chronicles 6:33 מִמְּכ֣וֹן from [the] place of
then may You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place, and do according to all for which the foreigner calls to You. Then all the peoples of the earth will know Your name and fear You, as do Your people Israel, and they will know that this house I have built is called by Your Name.
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2 Chronicles 6:39 מִמְּכ֣וֹן from [the] place of
then may You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place, their prayer and pleas, and may You uphold their cause. May You forgive Your people who sinned against You.
Ezra · 1
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Ezra 2:68 מְכוֹנֽוֹ׃ place its
When they arrived at the house of the LORD in Jerusalem, some of the heads of the families gave freewill offerings to rebuild the house of God on its original site.
Here: 'Its established place.' This is the spot where the house properly and firmly belongs. The same word appears in Israel's songs about God's dwelling place (Exodus 15:17; 1 Kings 8:13), so it carries a sense of God's fixed home on earth.
Psalms · 4
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Psalm 33:14 מִֽמְּכוֹן־ from [the] place of
From His dwelling place He gazes on all who inhabit the earth.
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Psalm 89:14 מְכ֣וֹן [the] foundation of
Righteousness and justice are the foundation of Your throne; loving devotion and faithfulness go before You.
Here: From the root kun, 'to be firm, set up'. It means the firmly set base or platform a thing rests on. The throne does not float: it stands on right order and justice. Take those away and the throne has nothing under it.
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Psalm 97:2 מְכ֣וֹן [the] foundation of
Clouds and darkness surround Him; righteousness and justice are His throne’s foundation.
Here: From the root kûn, 'to be firm, set up'. It means the firm base or set place something stands on. Righteousness and justice are what the throne stands on and what keeps it upright.
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Psalm 104:5 מְכוֹנֶ֑יהָ foundations its
He set the earth on its foundations, never to be moved.
Here: 'Its bases' (plural, with 'its' pointing back to the earth). From the root meaning 'to be firm, set in place'. The picture is of supports the earth stands on, like a building's footings or the 'pillars of the earth' in other Hebrew poetry.
Isaiah · 2
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Isaiah 4:5 מְכ֨וֹן [the] place of
Then the LORD will create over all of Mount Zion and over her assemblies a cloud of smoke by day and a glowing flame of fire by night. For over all the glory there will be a canopy,
Here: An 'established place', a word often used for God's own dwelling site (Exod 15:17; 1 Kgs 8:13). Here it means every inhabited or settled spot of Mount Zion. KJV's 'dwelling place' fits this well.
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Isaiah 18:4 בִמְכוֹנִ֑י in place my
For this is what the LORD has told me: “I will quietly look on from My dwelling place, like shimmering heat in the sunshine, like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest.”
Here: 'In my established place': God's throne-seat, in heaven or in the temple on Zion. The preposition is 'in', not 'from', so God stays where he is and does not stir yet.
Daniel · 1
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Daniel 8:11 מְכ֥וֹן [the] place of
It magnified itself, even to the Prince of the host; it removed His daily sacrifice and overthrew the place of His sanctuary.
Here: A firmly set place. In worship language it means God's established dwelling: 'the place (makhon) you made for your dwelling' (Exod 15:17); 'a place for you to dwell forever' (1 Kgs 8:13). The point is that God's settled, permanent home is overturned.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.