Hebrew word · H4570
מַעְגָּל
ma'gal
track
Track, rut, beaten path. In 1 Sam 17:20 and 26:5, 7 it is the camp perimeter or wagon enclosure. It is probably related to 'agalah, 'cart/wagon', so the root picture is a wheel-rut or a well-worn trail. Ps 65:11 speaks of God's 'tracks' dripping with abundance as he passes over the land.
Appears 16 times in 16 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) entrenchment, track
1a) circumvallation, entrenchment
1b) track
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Track, rut, beaten path. In 1 Sam 17:20 and 26:5, 7 it is the camp perimeter or wagon enclosure. It is probably related to 'agalah, 'cart/wagon', so the root picture is a wheel-rut or a well-worn trail. In wisdom poetry it becomes a metaphor for a way of life: 'tracks of uprightness' (Prov 4:11), 'level the track of your feet' (Prov 4:26), 'crooked tracks' (Prov 2:15). Ps 65:11 speaks of God's 'tracks' dripping with abundance as he passes over the land.
- Against the English
Translations give 'paths', which is fine. It loses some of the concreteness: a ma'gal is a visible, trodden track, the kind a sheep can follow. KJV/BSB/WEB add 'the' ('the paths'), which the Hebrew does not have, and that makes it sound like one fixed set of moral paths.
- How it drifted
One popular illustration says these were winding or circular paths around hillsides, from a supposed root meaning 'round.' That etymology is uncertain and is not needed to read the verse.
- Used elsewhere in the period
1 Sam 17:20; 26:5, 7; Prov 2:9, 15, 18; 4:11, 26; 5:6, 21; Isa 26:7 ('the track of the righteous'); 59:8 ('there is no justice in their tracks'); Ps 17:5; 65:11.
From the study of Proverbs 4:11
- Range of meaning
A track, rut or beaten path. In 1 Sam 17:20 and 26:5, 7 it is the encampment or wagon-ring of an army camp. That supports a link with 'agalah ('wagon/cart') and 'agol ('round'). In poetry it stands for a person's course of conduct (Prov 2:9, 15, 18; 5:6, 21; Ps 23:3; Isa 26:7).
- Against the English
Versions give 'paths' (BSB, KJV, WEB, ESV, NIV, NASB). That is correct, but it loses the more concrete picture of a worn track or rut: a path many feet or wheels have already used.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Ps 23:3 uses the same construction, be-ma'gelei-tsedeq, 'in tracks of righteousness.' Prov 4:26 tells the son to 'make level the track (ma'gal) of your feet.' Isa 26:7: 'you make level the track of the righteous.'
From the study of Proverbs 4:26
- Range of meaning
A track or rut, a beaten path. Probably related to the root for 'round' or 'wheel' (compare ʿăgālāh, cart). In 1 Samuel 17:20 and 26:5 it means the encampment, perhaps a circle of wagons. Elsewhere it is a worn path, often in a moral sense: 'tracks of righteousness' (Ps 23:3; Prov 2:9), 'crooked tracks' (Prov 2:15), 'upright tracks' (Prov 4:11).
- Against the English
'Path' is fair, but it misses that this is a groove already worn in, a habitual course. A track is something you keep travelling.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Common in wisdom texts and Psalms for a life's course. The Septuagint usually translates it τροχιά, 'wheel-track', which keeps the idea of a rut.
Where it appears
1 Samuel · 3
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1 Samuel 17:20 הַמַּעְגָּ֔לָה the camp towards
So David got up early in the morning, left the flock with a keeper, loaded up, and set out as Jesse had instructed him. He reached the camp as the army was marching out to its position and shouting the battle cry.
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1 Samuel 26:5 בַּמַּעְגָּ֔ל in the camp
Then David set out and went to the place where Saul had camped. He saw the place where Saul and Abner son of Ner, the general of his army, had lain down. Saul was lying inside the inner circle of the camp, with the troops camped around him.
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1 Samuel 26:7 בַּמַּעְגָּ֔ל in the camp
That night David and Abishai came to the troops, and Saul was lying there asleep in the inner circle of the camp, with his spear stuck in the ground by his head. And Abner and the troops were lying around him.
Psalms · 4
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Psalm 17:5 בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתֶ֑יךָ in tracks your
My steps have held to Your paths; my feet have not slipped.
Here: 'In your tracks'. These are the worn tracks of a road, probably ruts cut by cart wheels. The psalmist does not choose his own route. He keeps to the grooves God has laid down, the same word as the 'paths of righteousness' in Psalm 23:3.
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Psalm 23:3 בְמַעְגְּלֵי־ in tracks of
He restores my soul; He guides me in the paths of righteousness for the sake of His name.
Here: 'In (the) tracks of.' A ma'gal is a worn track, the kind of rut left by wheels or many feet. It is a path you can actually see and follow, not an abstract 'way.' The word is plural and there is no 'the' in Hebrew: 'tracks.'
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Psalm 65:11 וּ֝מַעְגָּלֶ֗יךָ and tracks your
You crown the year with Your bounty, and Your paths overflow with plenty.
Here: "And your tracks." The word is related to the Hebrew for "wagon" and "round, circular," so it means a wheel-rut or well-worn track. God is pictured driving across the land, and his tracks leave a trail of richness behind them.
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Psalm 140:5 מַעְגָּ֑ל a track
The proud hide a snare for me; the cords of their net are spread along the path, and lures are set out for me. Selah
Here: A worn track, possibly from a word for a wagon rut. It is the regular route a person takes, and often stands for a person's way of life (Ps 23:3 'paths of righteousness'). The trap sits on the road the psalmist walks every day.
Proverbs · 7
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Proverbs 2:9 מַעְגַּל־ course of
Then you will discern righteousness and justice and equity—every good path.
Here: A track or worn route, probably first the rut left by cart wheels (it comes from a root meaning 'round', related to the word for cart). The image is a well-defined road you can follow, in contrast to the 'crooked tracks' of the wicked in v. 15.
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Proverbs 2:15 בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָֽם׃ in tracks their
whose paths are crooked and whose ways are devious.
Here: "In their tracks": probably related to the word for a cart. It suggests the ruts worn into a road by wheels, a habitual, well-worn course. The deviousness is not one wrong turn. It is the road they travel every day.
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Proverbs 2:18 מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ׃ tracks her
For her house sinks down to death, and her tracks to the departed spirits.
Here: Literally the ruts worn by cart wheels: a well-used, habitual route. Her 'tracks' are the beaten road of her way of life, and it runs straight down to the dead.
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Proverbs 4:11 בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־ in tracks of
I will guide you in the way of wisdom; I will lead you on straight paths.
Here: A worn track, probably first the rut a wagon wheel cuts (it is related to words for 'wagon' and 'round'). It is a well-used, settled path, not a trail you blaze yourself. The plural, 'tracks,' parallels the singular 'way.'
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Proverbs 4:26 מַעְגַּ֣ל [the] track of
Make a level path for your feet, and all your ways will be sure.
Here: A worn track, the kind left by feet or cart wheels. It is the actual line you travel on, not a general direction. Proverbs uses it for the course a life runs along (2:9, 2:15, 4:11).
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Proverbs 5:6 מַ֝עְגְּלֹתֶ֗יהָ tracks her
She does not consider the path of life; she does not know that her ways are unstable.
Here: 'Her tracks': the worn ruts of a road, the line a life actually takes. Her tracks have no straight groove. They slip about.
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Proverbs 5:21 מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥יו tracks his
For a man’s ways are before the eyes of the LORD, and the LORD examines all his paths.
Here: "His tracks": the ruts a wheel wears into a road, the beaten paths a person keeps travelling. It pairs with "ways" but is more concrete. These are the grooves a life wears by habit.
Isaiah · 2
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Isaiah 26:7 מַעְגַּ֥ל [the] track of
The path of the righteous is level; You clear a straight path for the upright.
Here: A track worn into the ground, probably the rut left by cart wheels (it is related to ʿăgālâ, 'cart'). It is the word in Psalm 23:3's 'paths of righteousness' and in Proverbs' teaching about the 'tracks' of a life. Here it is the well-worn route that the righteous person's life runs along.
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Isaiah 59:8 בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָ֑ם on tracks their
The way of peace they have not known, and there is no justice in their tracks. They have turned them into crooked paths; no one who treads on them will know peace.
Here: 'In their tracks.' The word goes back to the root for 'round', and it pictures a worn track or wheel rut, the groove a life cuts by going the same way again and again. Wisdom poetry uses the same word for habitual conduct (Psalm 23:3, 'tracks of righteousness').
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.