Hebrew word · H4731

מַקֵּל

makal

rod

Rod, stick, staff. Freshly cut rods (Gen 30:37), a traveller's or shepherd's staff (Gen 32:10; Exod 12:11), a diviner's rod (Hos 4:12), and a stick used for beating (Num 22:27, Balaam strikes his donkey). It is not a military word.

Appears 18 times in 16 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) rod, staff

1a) rod, stick

1b) staff (in travel)

1c) wand (of diviner)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of 1 Samuel 17:43

Range of meaning

Rod, stick, staff. Freshly cut rods (Gen 30:37), a traveller's or shepherd's staff (Gen 32:10; Exod 12:11), a diviner's rod (Hos 4:12), and a stick used for beating (Num 22:27, Balaam strikes his donkey). It is not a military word.

Against the English

KJV/YLT "staves" (old plural of staff) and BSB/WEB "sticks" both keep the plural. Some modern paraphrases make it singular, which matches v. 40 but loses the sneer of Goliath's plural.

Used elsewhere in the period

In v. 40 the same word is used, in the singular, for the staff David took in his hand along with five stones and a sling. The Septuagint here has "with a rod and stones," which reads as an interpretation that brings v. 40 into line.

From the study of Exodus 12:11

Range of meaning

A stick, rod or branch: a fresh cut branch (Jacob's rods, Gen 30:37), a shepherd's or traveler's staff (Gen 32:10; 1 Sam 17:40, David's staff), and a diviner's stick (Hos 4:12).

Against the English

'Staff' (KJV, BSB, WEB, ESV) is accurate. NLT's 'walking stick' brings out the ordinary, practical object well.

Used elsewhere in the period

Jacob: 'with only my maqqel I crossed this Jordan' (Gen 32:10), the staff as a sign of a man on the road. The LXX here uses baktēriai, 'walking sticks.'

From the study of Hosea 4:12

Range of meaning

A stick, rod, shoot or walking staff: Jacob's peeled rods (Genesis 30:37), David's shepherd staff (1 Samuel 17:40), a traveller's staff (Genesis 32:10), the almond branch in Jeremiah's vision (Jeremiah 1:11).

Against the English

KJV/YLT 'staff', ESV 'walking staff', BSB 'divining rods', NIV 'diviner's rod', NASB 'diviner's wand', WEB 'a stick of wood'. 'Divining rod' to a modern reader suggests water-dowsing with a forked twig, which is a later practice.

Used elsewhere in the period

Divination by sticks (rhabdomancy, from Greek rhabdos, 'rod') is reported among ancient peoples: Herodotus (Histories 4.67) describes Scythian diviners laying out bundles of willow rods, and Tacitus (Germania 10) describes Germanic lots cut from a fruit tree's branch. Ezekiel 21:21 has the Babylonian king shaking arrows, a related method. Exact Israelite practice is not described.

Where it appears

Genesis · 7
  1. Genesis 30:37 מַקַּ֥ל הַמַּקְלֽוֹת׃ branch[es] of, the branches

    Jacob, however, took fresh branches of poplar, almond, and plane trees, and peeled the bark, exposing the white inner wood of the branches.

  2. Genesis 30:38 הַמַּקְלוֹת֙ the branches

    Then he set the peeled branches in the watering troughs in front of the flocks coming in to drink. So when the flocks were in heat and came to drink,

  3. Genesis 30:39 הַמַּקְל֑וֹת the branches

    they mated in front of the branches. And they bore young that were streaked or speckled or spotted.

  4. Genesis 30:41 הַמַּקְל֛וֹת בַּמַּקְלֽוֹת׃ the branches, at the branches

    Whenever the stronger females of the flock were in heat, Jacob would place the branches in the troughs, in full view of the animals, so that they would breed in front of the branches.

  5. Genesis 32:10 בְמַקְלִ֗י with staff my

    I am unworthy of all the kindness and faithfulness You have shown Your servant. Indeed, with only my staff I came across the Jordan, but now I have become two camps.

    Here: 'With my staff.' A lone traveler's walking stick. The point is 'with nothing but my staff,' a picture of a man who left with nothing.

Exodus · 1
  1. Exodus 12:11 וּמַקֶּלְכֶ֖ם and staff your

    This is how you are to eat it: You must be fully dressed for travel, with your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. You are to eat in haste; it is the LORD’s Passover.

    Here: An ordinary walking stick or shepherd's stick, the traveler's tool (compare Gen 32:10, 'with only my staff I crossed this Jordan'). It is a different word from the matteh, Moses' 'staff of God'. Each Israelite holds a plain walking stick.

Numbers · 1
  1. Numbers 22:27 בַּמַּקֵּֽל׃ with the stick

    When the donkey saw the angel of the LORD, she lay down under Balaam, and he became furious and beat her with his staff.

1 Samuel · 2
  1. 1 Samuel 17:40 מַקְל֜וֹ stick his

    And David took his staff in his hand, selected five smooth stones from the brook, and put them in the pouch of his shepherd’s bag. And with his sling in hand, he approached the Philistine.

  2. 1 Samuel 17:43 בַּמַּקְל֑וֹת with <the> sticks

    “Am I a dog,” he said to David, “that you come at me with sticks?” And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.

    Here: The plural of the word for a staff or rod, the same word as David's shepherd's staff in v. 40. The plural is probably scornful exaggeration ("sticks!"), the kind of thing used to beat off a dog, not weapons for a warrior.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 1:11 מַקֵּ֥ל a branch of

    And the word of the LORD came to me, asking, “Jeremiah, what do you see?” “I see a branch of an almond tree,” I replied.

    Here: A cut piece of wood: a stick, rod or walking staff. It is not a branch still growing on a tree. The text does not say whether it had blossoms or leaves. The word comes first in Jeremiah's answer, so it is what stands out.

  2. Jeremiah 48:17 מַקֵּ֖ל a staff of

    Mourn for him, all you who surround him, everyone who knows his name; tell how the mighty scepter is shattered—the glorious staff!

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 39:9 וּבְמַקֵּ֥ל and with staff of

    Then those who dwell in the cities of Israel will go out, kindle fires, and burn up the weapons—the bucklers and shields, the bows and arrows, the clubs and spears. For seven years they will use them for fuel.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 4:12 וּמַקְל֖וֹ and stick his

    My people consult their wooden idols, and their divining rods inform them. For a spirit of prostitution leads them astray and they have played the harlot against their God.

    Here: An ordinary stick or staff, here used to tell fortunes: probably sticks thrown or held up so that the way they fell or pointed gave an answer. The words 'wood' and 'stick' pair up to mock the source of the 'revelation'.

Zechariah · 3
  1. Zechariah 11:7 מַקְל֗וֹת staffs

    So I pastured the flock marked for slaughter, especially the afflicted of the flock. Then I took for myself two staffs, calling one Favor and the other Union, and I pastured the flock.

    Here: 'Staffs' or 'sticks.' A wooden rod of the kind a shepherd or traveller carried (Gen 32:10; 1 Sam 17:40). Here they are ordinary tools turned into signs.

  2. Zechariah 11:10 מַקְלִי֙ staff my

    Next I took my staff called Favor and cut it in two, revoking the covenant I had made with all the nations.

    Here: "My staff": a shepherd's wooden staff, one of the two the prophet took up in v. 7 when he began to shepherd the flock. Here it stands for the shepherd's care and protection.

  3. Zechariah 11:14 מַקְלִ֣י staff my

    Then I cut in two my second staff called Union, breaking the brotherhood between Judah and Israel.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.