Hebrew word · H6297
פֶּ֫גֶר
pager
corpse
Peger usually means a corpse, often a dead body left unburied or a carcass. Some scholars argue that in this verse and Lev 26:30 it can mean a funerary monument or memorial offering, comparing Ugaritic pgr (a kind of sacrifice) and Mari pagrāʾum (an offering).
Appears 22 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) corpse, carcass, monument, stela
1a) corpse (of man)
1b) carcass (of animals)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Ezekiel 43:7
- Range of meaning
Peger usually means a corpse, often a dead body left unburied or a carcass. Some scholars argue that in this verse and Lev 26:30 it can mean a funerary monument or memorial offering, comparing Ugaritic pgr (a kind of sacrifice) and Mari pagrāʾum (an offering). Bāmâ is a raised cult platform or shrine, not necessarily on a hilltop.
- Against the English
KJV/WEB 'carcases / dead bodies of their kings in their high places' follow the standard text. BSB's 'funeral offerings for their kings at their deaths' follows the memorial-offering view and the 'at their death' reading. Other versions mix these options. Each English rendering is one interpretive choice.
- How it drifted
'High places' suggests mountaintops to modern readers. A bāmâ could stand in a valley or inside a city (2 Kgs 23:8; Jer 7:31).
- Used elsewhere in the period
2 Kgs 21:18, 26 (Manasseh and Amon buried 'in the garden of his house, in the garden of Uzza', likely within the palace complex next to the temple); Lev 26:30 ('your corpses on the corpses of your idols'); Num 19 (corpse impurity); Ugaritic texts mention pgr offerings.
From the study of Ezekiel 43:9
- Range of meaning
Its standard meaning is a dead body or carcass, of humans (Isaiah 34:3; Ezekiel 6:5; Amos 8:3) or animals (Genesis 15:11). It often suggests something lifeless, dishonoured or left unburied. In Leviticus 26:30, God says he will throw 'your corpses on the corpses (pigrê) of your idols.' This is a mocking wordplay that calls idols lifeless carcasses.
- Against the English
KJV has 'carcases,' and WEB and ESV have 'dead bodies.' These keep the ordinary meaning. BSB, and apparently NIV, have 'funeral offerings for their kings,' which adopts a particular scholarly theory. Other proposals include 'monuments' or 'memorial stelae' (upright memorial stones). The Septuagint has 'murders.'
- How it drifted
This is not drift over time. The problem is that the phrase is obscure, and translators have to decide between the plain meaning and a specialised cultic meaning.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In Ugaritic texts (from ancient Syria, about 1300 BCE), pgr names a kind of sacrifice. At Mari on the Euphrates, a pagrāʾum offering is linked with the god Dagan. In 1948 David Neiman argued (JBL 67) that Hebrew peger could therefore mean a cult object or memorial for the dead in some passages, and several commentators have applied this to Ezekiel 43:7, 9. Others (e.g. Zimmerli, Block) keep 'corpses,' meaning royal burials in or near the temple area, or at least the defiling closeness of dead kings to the sanctuary. 2 Kings 21:18, 26 records that Manasseh and Amon were buried 'in the garden of Uzza,' in the palace grounds next to the temple.
From the study of Isaiah 37:36
- Range of meaning
Peger means a dead body or carcass, of humans or animals (Genesis 15:11). It usually means bodies lying where they fell, unburied and dishonoured, often after defeat or judgment (Isaiah 14:19; 34:3; 66:24; Jeremiah 33:5; Amos 8:3). Metim is the plural participle "dead ones."
- Against the English
KJV "dead corpses" sounds redundant or even comic to modern ears, but it copies the Hebrew exactly. BSB, ESV and WEB "dead bodies" read more smoothly and lose the harsh, emphatic doubling.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Isaiah uses peger for the shameful fate of proud enemies: the king of Babylon thrown out "like a trampled corpse" (14:19), and the stench of the slain nations' corpses (34:3). In 66:24 the book closes on the pigrei (corpses) of the rebels. In honour-shame cultures, lying unburied was the final disgrace.
Where it appears
Genesis · 1
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Genesis 15:11 הַפְּגָרִ֑ים the carcasses
And the birds of prey descended on the carcasses, but Abram drove them away.
Leviticus · 2
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Leviticus 26:30 פִּגְרֵיכֶ֔ם פִּגְרֵ֖י corpses your, [the] corpses of
I will destroy your high places, cut down your incense altars, and heap your lifeless bodies on the lifeless remains of your idols; and My soul will despise you.
Here: A dead body, often an unburied one lying where it fell (Num 14:29, 32). It is a blunt word for a carcass, not a respectful term.
Numbers · 3
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Numbers 14:29 פִגְרֵיכֶ֜ם corpses your
Your bodies will fall in this wilderness—all who were numbered in the census, everyone twenty years of age or older—because you have grumbled against Me.
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Numbers 14:32 וּפִגְרֵיכֶ֖ם and corpses your
As for you, however, your bodies will fall in this wilderness.
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Numbers 14:33 פִּגְרֵיכֶ֖ם corpses your
Your children will be shepherds in the wilderness for forty years, and they will suffer for your unfaithfulness until the last of your bodies lies in the wilderness.
Here: A blunt word for dead bodies, used for animal carcasses too. It repeats v. 29 and v. 32 ('your carcasses will fall'), so the death of the generation is spoken of three times in a few lines.
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 17:46 פֶּ֣גֶר [the] corpse[s] of
This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand. This day I will strike you down, cut off your head, and give the carcasses of the Philistine army to the birds of the air and the creatures of the earth. Then the whole world will know that there is a God in Israel.
Here: The word is singular, but it stands for the whole group: 'the dead bodies'. It is a blunt word for a lifeless body, often used of the unburied dead.
2 Kings · 1
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2 Kings 19:35 פְּגָרִ֥ים [were] corpses
And that very night the angel of the LORD went out and struck down 185,000 men in the camp of the Assyrians. When the people got up the next morning, there were all the dead bodies!
Here: A blunt word for dead bodies, often of slain enemies or the dishonoured dead left lying unburied (Isaiah 14:19; 34:3; Jeremiah 33:5). It carries a note of degradation.
2 Chronicles · 2
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2 Chronicles 20:24 פְּגָרִ֛ים [were] corpses
When the men of Judah came to a place overlooking the wilderness, they looked for the vast army, but there were only corpses lying on the ground; no one had escaped.
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2 Chronicles 20:25 וּפְגָרִים֙ and corpses
Then Jehoshaphat and his people went to carry off the plunder, and they found on the bodies an abundance of goods and valuables—more than they could carry away. They were gathering the plunder for three days because there was so much.
Isaiah · 4
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Isaiah 14:19 כְּפֶ֥גֶר like a corpse
But you are cast out of your grave like a rejected branch, covered by those slain with the sword, and dumped into a rocky pit like a carcass trampled underfoot.
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Isaiah 34:3 וּפִגְרֵיהֶ֖ם and corpses their
Their slain will be left unburied, and the stench of their corpses will rise; the mountains will flow with their blood.
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Isaiah 37:36 פְּגָרִ֥ים [were] corpses
Then the angel of the LORD went out and struck down 185,000 men in the camp of the Assyrians. When the people got up the next morning, there were all the dead bodies!
Here: "Corpses." A blunt, ugly word for dead bodies lying in the open, unburied, of the kind left for birds after a defeat (1 Samuel 17:46; Isaiah 34:3). There is no dignity in it.
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Isaiah 66:24 בְּפִגְרֵי֙ on [the] corpses of
“As they go forth, they will see the corpses of the men who have rebelled against Me; for their worm will never die, their fire will never be quenched, and they will be a horror to all mankind.”
Here: 'On the corpses of.' The word means dead bodies, usually the slain left lying after battle or judgment (Isa 34:3; 37:36). The people being looked at are dead, not living sufferers.
Jeremiah · 3
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Jeremiah 31:40 הַפְּגָרִ֣ים׀ the corpses
The whole valley of the dead bodies and ashes, and all the fields as far as the Kidron Valley, to the corner of the Horse Gate to the east, will be holy to the LORD. It will never again be uprooted or demolished.”
Here: 'The corpses.' The word is used for bodies of the slain, often left unburied and dishonoured. It names the place by what lay there: the dead of judgment that Jeremiah foretold in 7:32–33 and 19:6–7.
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Jeremiah 33:5 פִּגְרֵ֣י [the] corpses of
The Chaldeans are coming to fight and to fill those places with the corpses of the men I will strike down in My anger and in My wrath. I have hidden My face from this city because of all its wickedness.
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Jeremiah 41:9 פִּגְרֵ֣י [the] corpses of
Now the cistern into which Ishmael had thrown all the bodies of the men he had struck down along with Gedaliah was a large one that King Asa had made for fear of Baasha king of Israel. Ishmael son of Nethaniah filled it with the slain.
Ezekiel · 3
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Ezekiel 6:5 פִּגְרֵי֙ [the] corpses of
I will lay the corpses of the Israelites before their idols and scatter your bones around your altars.
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Ezekiel 43:7 וּבְפִגְרֵ֥י and by [the] corpses of
and He said to me, “Son of man, this is the place of My throne and the place for the soles of My feet, where I will dwell among the Israelites forever. The house of Israel will never again defile My holy name—neither they nor their kings—by their prostitution and by the funeral offerings for their kings at their deaths.
Here: Normally 'corpse, carcass'. Here it may mean actual royal burials near the temple, or memorial monuments or offerings for dead kings (see debates). Either way, the language is about death defiling a sanctuary.
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Ezekiel 43:9 וּפִגְרֵ֥י and [the] corpses of
Now let them remove far from Me their prostitution and the funeral offerings for their kings, and I will dwell among them forever.
Here: 'And the corpses of.' Everywhere else in the Bible this word means dead bodies, often ones left unburied or dishonoured. Some scholars argue that here it means a memorial monument or offering for the dead, based on related words in other ancient languages of the region. The point is debated.
Amos · 1
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Amos 8:3 הַפֶּ֔גֶר the corpse[s]
“In that day,” declares the Lord GOD, “the songs of the temple will turn to wailing. Many will be the corpses, strewn in silence everywhere!”
Here: A dead body, often one left lying unburied after slaughter. The singular 'the corpse' stands for the whole mass of bodies, like English 'the dead.'
Nahum · 1
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Nahum 3:3 פָּ֑גֶר corpse[s]
Charging horseman, flashing sword, shining spear; heaps of slain, mounds of corpses, dead bodies without end—they stumble over their dead—
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.