Hebrew word · H645

אֵפוֹ

'efo

then

אֵפוֹא is an emphatic particle meaning 'then' or 'so then', used to press a question or command (Gen 27:33; Job 17:15; 19:6, 23). It is a different word from אֵיפֹה, ʾeifoh, 'where?'.

Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) then, now, so

1a) (who) then, (what) then (with interrog)

1b) then (with imperative-i.e. know then)

1c) if...then (with adv)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Job 9:24

Range of meaning

אֵפוֹא is an emphatic particle meaning 'then' or 'so then', used to press a question or command (Gen 27:33; Job 17:15; 19:6, 23). It is a different word from אֵיפֹה, ʾeifoh, 'where?'.

Against the English

KJV: 'if not, where, and who is he?' YLT: 'If not — where, who is he?' Both read the particle as 'where'. Modern versions correctly have 'then who is it?'

How it drifted

The two words look and sound alike, and older translators and some early Jewish interpreters sometimes mixed them up. The result is KJV's puzzling 'where'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Job 19:6 uses the same particle in a similar charge: 'know then (ʾefoʾ) that God has put me in the wrong'. The Latin Vulgate correctly has 'quod si non ille est, quis ergo est?' ('but if it is not he, who then is it?').

Where it appears

Genesis · 3
  1. Genesis 27:33 אֵפ֡וֹא then

    Isaac began to tremble violently and said, “Who was it, then, who hunted the game and brought it to me? Before you came in, I ate it all and blessed him—and indeed, he will be blessed!”

  2. Genesis 27:37 אֵפ֔וֹא then

    But Isaac answered Esau: “Look, I have made him your master and given him all his relatives as servants; I have sustained him with grain and new wine. What is left that I can do for you, my son?”

  3. Genesis 43:11 אֵפוֹא֮ then

    Then their father Israel said to them, “If it must be so, then do this: Put some of the best products of the land in your packs and carry them down as a gift for the man—a little balm and a little honey, spices and myrrh, pistachios and almonds.

    Here: A small particle that sharpens what it touches: 'if it really must be so, then…'. It carries a sigh of resignation.

Exodus · 1
  1. Exodus 33:16 אֵפ֗וֹא then

    For how then can it be known that Your people and I have found favor in Your sight, unless You go with us? How else will we be distinguished from all the other people on the face of the earth?”

    Here: A small particle that sharpens a question: "how, then?" It gives Moses' words an urgent, pressing tone. The KJV's "here" reflects an older understanding of this particle.

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 9:38 אֵפ֥וֹא then

    “Where is your gloating now?” Zebul replied. “You said, ‘Who is Abimelech that we should serve him?’ Are these not the people you ridiculed? Go out now and fight them!”

    Here: A small word that sharpens the question: 'where, then?' It adds impatience and scorn: 'so where is it now?'

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 10:10 אֵפ֗וֹא then

    Know, then, that not a word the LORD has spoken against the house of Ahab will fail, for the LORD has done what He promised through His servant Elijah.”

    Here: A small particle that draws a conclusion: 'so, then.' It links this verse to Jehu's question in v. 9 ('who struck all these?') and gives his answer: this is what it all means.

Job · 5
  1. Job 9:24 אֵפ֣וֹא then

    The earth is given into the hand of the wicked; He blindfolds its judges. If it is not He, then who is it?

    Here: An emphatic 'then' that presses the question: 'so then, who?' It is not the word for 'where' (ʾeifoh), though KJV and YLT translate it that way.

  2. Job 17:15 אֵפ֣וֹ then

    where then is my hope? Who can see any hope for me?

    Here: A small particle that sharpens a question, like English 'then' or 'in that case' (compare Gen 27:33, 'who then was he?'). It makes the question a conclusion drawn from what Job has just said: given all this, where is it?

  3. Job 19:6 אֵ֭פוֹ then

    then understand that it is God who has wronged me and drawn His net around me.

  4. Job 19:23 אֵ֭פוֹ then

    I wish that my words were recorded and inscribed in a book,

  5. Job 24:25 אֵ֭פוֹ then

    If this is not so, then who can prove me a liar and reduce my words to nothing?”

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 6:3 אֵפ֪וֹא׀ then

    then do this, my son, to free yourself, for you have fallen into your neighbor’s hands: Go, humble yourself, and press your plea with your neighbor.

    Here: A small particle that adds urgency, like 'then' or 'so then' in 'Do this, then!' The meaning is that the situation is set and action has to follow.

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 19:12 אֵפ֣וֹא then

    Where are your wise men now? Let them tell you and reveal what the LORD of Hosts has planned against Egypt.

  2. Isaiah 22:1 אֵפ֔וֹא then

    This is the burden against the Valley of Vision: What ails you now, that you have all gone up to the rooftops,

    Here: A small word that gives the question an edge, like English 'then' or 'now' in 'What's this, then?' It adds impatience and disbelief.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 13:10 אֵפ֔וֹא then

    Where is your king now to save you in all your cities, and the rulers to whom you said, “Give me a king and princes”?

    Here: A small particle that sharpens a question, like English "where, then...?" or "so where now...?" It adds impatience and sarcasm, as if the speaker is looking around for the king and not finding him.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.