Hebrew word · H6468

פְּעֻלָּה

ufe'ulato

wages

Work or deed, then what the work earns: wage, pay, recompense. It can be pay for labour (Lev 19:13), the consequences of a deed (Ps 109:20), or a reward that a victor brings with him.

Appears 14 times in 14 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) work, recompense, reward

1a) work

1b) wages

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 61:8

Range of meaning

Work or deed, then what the work earns: wage, pay, recompense. It can be pay for labour (Lev 19:13), the consequences of a deed (Ps 109:20), or a reward that a victor brings with him.

Against the English

BSB and ESV say 'recompense', NIV 'reward', WEB 'reward', YLT 'wage'. KJV's 'I will direct their work' loses the idea of payment completely. 'Reward' can suggest a bonus for good behaviour. The Hebrew word is closer to 'wages owed'.

How it drifted

KJV seems to have read the word as 'work' and taken 'give' as 'appoint/direct', influenced by the Vulgate's 'dabo opus eorum' ('I will give their work').

Used elsewhere in the period

Isa 40:10 and 62:11: 'his reward (śəkārô) is with him, and his recompense (pəʿullātô) before him'. This is the same pair, framing chapters 40–62. Lev 19:13; Jer 22:13 ('who gives him not his pay'). The Greek translation has 'I will give their toil (μόχθον) to the righteous'.

From the study of Isaiah 49:4

Range of meaning

Work, deed, accomplishment; the wages or recompense for work. It comes from pa'al, 'to do, make'.

Against the English

KJV/YLT 'my work' / 'my wage' and BSB/WEB/NASB 'reward' each catch one half. 'Reward' can suggest a bonus or prize. The Hebrew picture is the pay a laborer has earned and is owed.

How it drifted

'Reward' in church use often means a heavenly prize for merit. The Hebrew is more down-to-earth and more legal: wages owed.

Used elsewhere in the period

Leviticus 19:13: 'The wages [pe'ullat] of a hired worker shall not remain with you [ittekha] overnight', the same word and the same preposition as here. Isaiah 40:10 and 62:11: the LORD comes with 'his reward with him and his recompense [pe'ullato] before him'. Jeremiah 22:13: woe to the one who does not give his neighbor his wages.

From the study of Isaiah 40:10

Range of meaning

Work, deed, labour, and also the wages or result of labour (Lev 19:13, 'the wages of a hired worker shall not stay with you overnight'; Prov 10:16; 11:18). From the root pʿl, 'to do, make'.

Against the English

KJV 'his work' (following the Vulgate opus and LXX ἔργον); BSB/ESV/WEB 'recompense'; YLT 'wage'. 'Work' makes modern readers think of God's activities or of people's deeds being judged. 'Recompense' is correct but abstract. 'Earnings' or 'wages' is closest.

How it drifted

The literal rendering 'work' in the KJV tradition hides the economic sense the word has in Lev 19:13 and Ezek 29:20.

Used elsewhere in the period

Lev 19:13 (a labourer's wages), Ezek 29:20 (plunder as a king's pay), Jer 31:16 (paired with שָׂכָר for returning children), Isa 49:4 ('my recompense is with my God'), Isa 61:8.

Where it appears

Leviticus · 1
  1. Leviticus 19:13 פְּעֻלַּ֥ת [the] wage[s] of

    You must not defraud your neighbor or rob him. You must not withhold until morning the wages due a hired hand.

    Here: 'The wage of'. The word basically means 'work' or 'deed' and comes to mean what the work earns. What is held back is the worker's own labor turned into pay.

2 Chronicles · 1
  1. 2 Chronicles 15:7 לִפְעֻלַּתְכֶֽם׃ ס for work your

    But as for you, be strong; do not be discouraged, for your work will be rewarded.”

    Here: 'For your work/deeds.' The word can mean either the labour or the pay it earns, so 'wage' and 'work' echo each other here. In context the 'work' is the people's active seeking of YHWH, which v. 8 carries out as the removal of idols and the repair of the altar.

Psalms · 3
  1. Psalm 17:4 לִפְעֻלּ֣וֹת to [the] deeds of

    As for the deeds of men—by the word of Your lips I have avoided the ways of the violent.

    Here: 'As for / with regard to the doings of.' The prefixed lə- ('to, toward, regarding') sets the topic: the speaker is about to talk about how people behave. The noun can also mean the pay earned by work, a sense one modern translation picks up (see translations).

  2. Psalm 28:5 פְּעֻלֹּ֣ת [the] deeds of

    Since they show no regard for the works of the LORD or what His hands have done, He will tear them down and never rebuild them.

    Here: "The deeds of": what YHWH actively does. It comes from the same root as "their deeds" (po'al) in verse 4, so the wicked are judged by their deeds because they ignored his. The word can also mean "wages" or "recompense," which may add a faint note of God's paying people back.

  3. Psalm 109:20 פְּעֻלַּ֣ת [be] [the] wage[s] of

    May this be the LORD’s reward to my accusers, to those who speak evil against me.

Proverbs · 2
  1. Proverbs 10:16 פְּעֻלַּ֣ת [the] reward of

    The labor of the righteous leads to life, but the gain of the wicked brings punishment.

    Here: The 'wage of', meaning what a person's work earns them. It can mean the work itself or the pay for it, and here, set beside 'yield' in the second line, the earnings sense comes forward. It opens the proverb with a picture from the world of hired labor.

  2. Proverbs 11:18 פְעֻלַּת־ wage[s] of

    The wicked man earns an empty wage, but he who sows righteousness reaps a true reward.

    Here: The word covers both the work and the pay it brings (compare Leviticus 19:13, the hired worker's wages). The parallel with 'sekher' in the second line shows that 'wage' is the main sense here.

Isaiah · 5
  1. Isaiah 40:10 וּפְעֻלָּת֖וֹ and recompense his

    Behold, the Lord GOD comes with might, and His arm establishes His rule. His reward is with Him, and His recompense accompanies Him.

    Here: 'And his earnings': what his work has produced, and what is paid for it. Paired with שָׂכָר it means 'the wages of his labour'. KJV's 'his work' is literal but misleading.

  2. Isaiah 49:4 וּפְעֻלָּתִ֖י and recompense my

    But I said, “I have labored in vain, I have spent My strength in futility and vanity; yet My vindication is with the LORD, and My reward is with My God.”

    Here: "My work" and "the pay it earns" at once. Leviticus 19:13 uses the same word with the same 'with' for a hired laborer's wages that must not stay 'with' the employer overnight.

  3. Isaiah 61:8 פְעֻלָּתָם֙ recompense their

    For I, the LORD, love justice; I hate robbery and iniquity; in My faithfulness I will give them their recompense and make an everlasting covenant with them.

    Here: Literally 'their work', then the pay earned by that work. 'Their' means the mourners of Zion. God will pay them what they are owed for what they have suffered.

  4. Isaiah 62:11 וּפְעֻלָּת֖וֹ and recompense his

    Behold, the LORD has proclaimed to the ends of the earth, “Say to Daughter Zion: See, your Savior comes! Look, His reward is with Him, and His recompense goes before Him.”

    Here: This word covers both the work done and the pay earned by it (compare Leviticus 19:13, 'the wages of a hired worker'). It repeats the idea of 'wages', and the KJV's 'his work' is a legitimate but obscure rendering of it.

  5. Isaiah 65:7 פְעֻלָּתָ֛ם work their

    both for your iniquities and for those of your fathers,” says the LORD. “Because they burned incense on the mountains and scorned Me on the hills, I will measure into their laps full payment for their former deeds.”

    Here: "Their work," and also "their pay." The word means both a deed and the wages earned by labour (Lev 19:13), so their own deeds become the payment they receive.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 31:16 לִפְעֻלָּתֵךְ֙ for work your

    This is what the LORD says: “Keep your voice from weeping and your eyes from tears, for the reward for your work will come, declares the LORD. Then your children will return from the land of the enemy.

    Here: 'For your labor', with a feminine 'your'. The noun can mean the work itself or what the work earns (Lev 19:13, 'the wages of a hired worker'). Here it most naturally means a mother's labor of bearing and raising children, and perhaps the grief she spent on them too. Her toil has not been for nothing.

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 29:20 פְּעֻלָּתוֹ֙ recompense his

    I have given him the land of Egypt as the reward for his labor, because it was done for Me, declares the Lord GOD.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.