פָּשַׁע

1 Kings 8:50 פָּשְׁעוּ־ they transgressed

May You forgive Your people who have sinned against You and all the transgressions they have committed against You, and may You grant them compassion in the eyes of their captors to show them mercy.

Here: The verb from the same root as the noun just before it: "the rebellions which they rebelled." Hebrew repeats the root like this for emphasis. The guilt is spelled out fully, and nothing is softened.

1 Kings 12:19 וַיִּפְשְׁע֤וּ and they have rebelled

So to this day Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David.

2 Kings 1:1 וַיִּפְשַׁ֤ע and it rebelled

After the death of Ahab, Moab rebelled against Israel.

2 Kings 3:5 וַיִּפְשַׁ֥ע and he rebelled

But after the death of Ahab, the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel.

2 Kings 3:7 פָּשַׁ֣ע he has rebelled

And he sent a message to Jehoshaphat king of Judah: “The king of Moab has rebelled against me. Will you go with me to fight against Moab?” “I will go,” replied Jehoshaphat. “I am as you are, my people are your people, and my horses are your horses.”

2 Kings 8:20 פָּשַׁ֣ע it rebelled

In the days of Jehoram, Edom rebelled against the hand of Judah and appointed their own king.

2 Kings 8:22 וַיִּפְשַׁ֣ע תִּפְשַׁ֥ע and it has rebelled, it rebelled

So to this day Edom has been in rebellion against the hand of Judah. Likewise, Libnah rebelled at the same time.

2 Chronicles 10:19 וַיִּפְשְׁע֤וּ and they have rebelled

So to this day Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David.

2 Chronicles 21:8 פָּשַׁ֣ע it rebelled

In the days of Jehoram, Edom rebelled against the hand of Judah and appointed their own king.

2 Chronicles 21:10 וַיִּפְשַׁ֨ע תִּפְשַׁ֥ע and it has rebelled, it rebelled

So to this day Edom has been in rebellion against the hand of Judah. Likewise, Libnah rebelled against his hand at the same time, because Jehoram had forsaken the LORD, the God of his fathers.

Ezra 10:13 לִפְשֹׁ֖עַ to transgress

But there are many people here, and it is the rainy season. We are not able to stay out in the open. Nor is this the work of one or two days, for we have transgressed greatly in this matter.

Psalm 37:38 וּֽ֭פֹשְׁעִים and transgressors

But the transgressors will all be destroyed; the future of the wicked will be cut off.

Here: A participle used as a noun: people who rebel, who break faith with the one they owe loyalty to. The 'and' marks a contrast with v. 37's 'man of peace', so 'but' is a fair English rendering.

Psalm 51:13 פֹשְׁעִ֣ים transgressors

Then I will teach transgressors Your ways, and sinners will return to You.

Here: Participle used as a noun: 'those who rebel'. The verb is used for a vassal throwing off his overlord, so these are people who have broken loyalty with God. It is the same root as 'my transgressions' (pəšāʿay) that the psalmist confessed in vv. 1 and 3: he was one of them.

Proverbs 18:19 נִפְשָׁ֥ע transgressed

An offended brother is harder to win than a fortified city, and disputes are like the bars of a castle.

Here: A passive form (Niphal participle), found only here in the Bible: 'one who has been transgressed against'. Someone has committed pešaʿ against this brother, the kind of wrong that breaks a bond of loyalty. It does not describe a man who simply felt slighted.

Proverbs 28:21 יִפְשַׁע־ he will transgress

To show partiality is not good, yet a man will do wrong for a piece of bread.

Here: "Will break faith / rebel." It is a strong word for betraying an obligation: here the duty to judge fairly is sold off. The imperfect tense states what typically happens: "a man will."

Isaiah 1:2 פָּ֥שְׁעוּ they have rebelled

Listen, O heavens, and give ear, O earth, for the LORD has spoken: “I have raised children and brought them up, but they have rebelled against Me.

Here: The word for a vassal breaking away from his overlord or a people revolting from a king. It means a deliberate break of loyalty, not slipping up on a rule. Here the sons have broken away from their father and sovereign.

Isaiah 1:28 פֹּשְׁעִ֛ים rebels

But rebels and sinners will together be shattered, and those who forsake the LORD will perish.

Here: A participle meaning 'those who are rebelling'. The word comes from politics, where it describes a subject people breaking away from its overlord. It points back to 1:2, where God says of his children that 'they rebelled against me'.

Isaiah 43:27 פָּ֥שְׁעוּ they transgressed

Your first father sinned, and your spokesmen rebelled against Me.

Here: "They rebelled." This word is used for a vassal throwing off its overlord (2 Kings 8:20, 22). It is stronger than 'sinned'. It means deliberately breaking a relationship of loyalty.

Isaiah 46:8 פוֹשְׁעִ֖ים O rebels

Remember this and be brave; take it to heart, you transgressors!

Isaiah 48:8 וּפֹשֵׁ֥עַ and a rebel

You have never heard; you have never understood; for a long time your ears have not been open. For I knew how deceitful you are; you have been called a rebel from birth.

Here: 'And a rebel': literally 'one who revolts'. The word comes from politics, where it describes a subject people throwing off its overlord. Here it serves as the name Israel bears.

Isaiah 53:12 פֹּשְׁעִ֖ים וְלַפֹּשְׁעִ֖ים transgressors, and for the transgressors

Therefore I will allot Him a portion with the great, and He will divide the spoils with the strong, because He has poured out His life unto death, and He was numbered with the transgressors. Yet He bore the sin of many and made intercession for the transgressors.

Here: 'Rebels': people who have broken away from their rightful lord. This is the word for vassals revolting against a king, used of Israel's revolt against God (Isa 1:2).

Isaiah 59:13 פָּשֹׁ֤עַ we have transgressed

rebelling and denying the LORD, turning away from our God, speaking oppression and revolt, conceiving and uttering lies from the heart.

Here: A verbal noun with no stated subject ("rebelling"). It takes its "we" from verse 12, so it heads a list of the things "we know" about ourselves. The word was used for a subject people throwing off its overlord, so the confession opens by calling sin a revolt against Israel's king.

Isaiah 66:24 הַפֹּשְׁעִ֖ים who rebelled

“As they go forth, they will see the corpses of the men who have rebelled against Me; for their worm will never die, their fire will never be quenched, and they will be a horror to all mankind.”

Here: 'The ones rebelling.' This is the language of political revolt, a vassal breaking with his overlord. The participle describes them by what they characteristically did. It deliberately echoes Isaiah 1:2: 'sons I raised… and they rebelled against me.'

Jeremiah 2:8 פָּ֣שְׁעוּ they rebelled

The priests did not ask, ‘Where is the LORD?’ The experts in the law no longer knew Me, and the leaders rebelled against Me. The prophets prophesied by Baal and followed useless idols.

Here: The word for a subject people or a vassal breaking away from its overlord (2 Kgs 1:1; 8:20). The rulers are charged with political revolt against their divine King, not with a slip in keeping the rules.

Jeremiah 2:29 פְּשַׁעְתֶּ֥ם you have rebelled

Why do you bring a case against Me? You have all rebelled against Me,” declares the LORD.

Jeremiah 3:13 פָּשָׁ֑עַתְּ you have rebelled

Only acknowledge your guilt, that you have rebelled against the LORD your God. You have scattered your favors to foreign gods under every green tree and have not obeyed My voice,’” declares the LORD.

Here: 'You rebelled.' This is the verb for a subject people breaking away from its overlord. It means revolt against a relationship of loyalty, not breaking a regulation.

Jeremiah 33:8 פָּ֥שְׁעוּ they have rebelled

And I will cleanse them from all the iniquity they have committed against Me, and will forgive all their sins of rebellion against Me.

Here: 'They rebelled.' This is the word for a subject people throwing off its overlord (2 Kgs 1:1; 8:20). It is the strongest of the three words for sin, because it describes deliberately breaking off the relationship.

Lamentations 3:42 פָשַׁ֙עְנוּ֙ we have transgressed

“We have sinned and rebelled; You have not forgiven.”

Ezekiel 2:3 פָּ֣שְׁעוּ they have transgressed

“Son of man,” He said to me, “I am sending you to the Israelites, to a rebellious nation that has rebelled against Me. To this very day they and their fathers have rebelled against Me.

Here: Pasha' is the verb used when a subject people breaks away from its ruler (Moab from Israel, Edom from Judah). It deliberately breaks a relationship of loyalty. It is not a slip or a broken rule.

Ezekiel 18:31 פְּשַׁעְתֶּ֣ם you have transgressed

Cast away from yourselves all the transgressions you have committed, and fashion for yourselves a new heart and a new spirit. Why should you die, O house of Israel?

Here: 'You rebelled.' The noun and verb come from the same root ('the rebellions you rebelled'). The doubling stresses that these are the hearers' own acts, not their ancestors'.

Ezekiel 20:38 וְהַפּֽוֹשְׁעִים֙ and those [who] transgress

And I will purge you of those who rebel and transgress against Me. I will bring them out of the land in which they dwell, but they will not enter the land of Israel. Then you will know that I am the LORD.

Here: Also a participle: 'those who keep breaking with' their lord. Pasha' means breaking a relationship of loyalty, as when a subject people breaks away from its king. Together with marad it repeats the exact pair God used about Israel when he first sent Ezekiel (Ezek 2:3).

Daniel 8:23 הַפֹּשְׁעִ֑ים the rebels

In the latter part of their reign, when the rebellion has reached its full measure, an insolent king, skilled in intrigue, will come to the throne.

Here: 'The transgressors/rebels'. The verb's root idea is breaking faith with a lawful overlord. The standard vowels make it a group of people. The same consonants can be read 'the transgressions' (see notes).

Hosea 7:13 פָ֣שְׁעוּ they have transgressed

Woe to them, for they have strayed from Me! Destruction to them, for they have rebelled against Me! Though I would redeem them, they speak lies against Me.

Here: The word for breaking with an overlord, the way a subject nation revolts against its king. Fleeing in line one is restated here as revolt.

Hosea 8:1 פָּשָֽׁעוּ׃ they have rebelled

Put the ram’s horn to your lips! An eagle looms over the house of the LORD, because the people have transgressed My covenant and rebelled against My law.

Here: 'They rebelled'. This is political language for a vassal who breaks away from his overlord (2 Kings 1:1; 8:20). Israel is charged with revolt against its sovereign, which is more than a moral slip.

Hosea 14:9 וּפֹשְׁעִ֖ים and transgressors

Whoever is wise, let him understand these things; whoever is discerning, let him know them. For the ways of the LORD are right, and the righteous walk in them but the rebellious stumble in them.

Here: 'But rebels.' The verb is used for a vassal breaking away from his overlord. These are people who have broken faith with their sovereign, not just people who slipped on a rule.

Amos 4:4 וּפִשְׁע֔וּ לִפְשֹׁ֑עַ and transgress, to transgress

“Go to Bethel and transgress; rebel even more at Gilgal! Bring your sacrifices every morning, your tithes every three days.

Here: "And rebel!" This is the shock. The listener expects "and worship" or "and bow down" and hears instead the verb for a vassal revolting against his overlord. Going to the sanctuary is called an act of revolt against Israel's God.

Zephaniah 3:11 פָּשַׁ֖עַתְּ you have transgressed

On that day you will not be put to shame for any of the deeds by which you have transgressed against Me. For then I will remove from among you those who rejoice in their pride, and you will never again be haughty on My holy mountain.

Here: Feminine 'you rebelled'. The language of a vassal breaking with its overlord. Her deeds were not slips. They were acts of revolt against her King.