Hebrew word · H7306
רִיחַ
yerichun
to smell
In the causative stem (the 'hiphil') the verb means 'to smell, to scent'. With the preposition bə- ('in') it becomes an idiom for taking pleasure in something, especially God accepting the smell of an offering. It is closely related to rûaḥ, 'wind, breath, spirit', and rêaḥ, 'scent'.
Appears 11 times in 11 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) (Hiphil) to smell, scent, perceive odour, accept
1a) of horse
1b) of delight (metaph)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
In the causative stem (the 'hiphil') the verb means 'to smell, to scent'. With the preposition bə- ('in') it becomes an idiom for taking pleasure in something, especially God accepting the smell of an offering. It is closely related to rûaḥ, 'wind, breath, spirit', and rêaḥ, 'scent'.
- Against the English
Most modern versions say 'delight', which gives the idiom's meaning but loses the physical picture of breathing in a scent. KJV ('make him of quick understanding') and YLT ('refresh him') take the ending '-ô' as 'him', the object ('make him smell / give him perception'), rather than 'his', the subject ('his smelling'). NJPS ('sense the truth') keeps the idea of a perceptive sense.
- How it drifted
Not drift so much as loss: 'delight' is a fair meaning, but the sensory image and the wordplay with 'Spirit' in v. 2 disappear in English.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Leviticus 26:31 ('I will not smell your soothing aromas') and Amos 5:21 ('I will not delight in your solemn assemblies', literally 'smell') use the same verb with bə- for God accepting or rejecting worship. The Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 93b) reads this verse as 'he smells and judges': the Messiah can scent out the truth of a case. It reports that Bar Kokhba was tested by this standard and failed. The Septuagint paraphrases it as 'the spirit of the fear of God will fill him'.
From the study of 1 Samuel 26:19
- Range of meaning
Riach in the causative form means 'to smell, scent'. In ritual contexts it is used of God 'smelling' the smoke of sacrifice, meaning he accepts it and his anger is calmed (Gen 8:21; Lev 26:31, negatively). Minchah ranges from 'gift' and 'tribute' paid to a superior (Gen 32:13; Judg 3:15) to the technical grain offering of Leviticus 2, and can mean offering in general (1 Sam 2:17).
- Against the English
Most versions say 'accept an offering'. That captures the result but loses the sensory picture of God breathing in the aroma of a sacrifice, a picture tied to the 'soothing aroma' (reach nichoach) of the sacrificial texts.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Gen 8:21: 'YHWH smelled the soothing aroma' and resolved not to curse the ground again. Lev 26:31: 'I will not smell your soothing aromas' (judgment). Amos 5:21–22 uses smell and offering vocabulary together. Ancient Near Eastern parallel: in the Mesopotamian flood story (Gilgamesh XI) the gods 'smelled the sweet savor' of Utnapishtim's sacrifice.
- Range of meaning
To smell or take in a scent. With the preposition bə- ('in') it can mean to take delight in something (Isa 11:3, 'his delight is in the fear of the LORD'). In the language of worship, it means God accepting the 'pleasing aroma' (rêaḥ nîḥōaḥ) of a sacrifice.
- Against the English
KJV's literal 'I will not smell in' keeps the image, but it reads oddly. ESV and NASB give the idiom's sense, 'take no delight.' BSB's 'stench' and NIV's 'a stench to me' go further: they say the worship stinks. The Hebrew says God refuses to breathe it in. The image is withheld acceptance. It is not disgust at a smell.
- How it drifted
Translators bring out the emotion by inventing a bad smell. That reverses the picture. The smoke may be perfectly fragrant, and God simply will not inhale it.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Gen 8:21: after the flood 'the LORD smelled the pleasing aroma.' 'A pleasing aroma to the LORD' recurs throughout Lev 1–3. Lev 26:31 is the key parallel, using the identical form: 'I will make your sanctuaries desolate, and I will not smell (wəlōʾ ʾārîaḥ) your pleasing aromas.' 1 Sam 26:19: 'may he smell an offering.'
Similar words
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 8:21 וַיָּ֣רַח and he smelled
When the LORD smelled the pleasing aroma, He said in His heart, “Never again will I curse the ground because of man, even though every inclination of his heart is evil from his youth. And never again will I destroy all living creatures as I have done.
Here: A narrative past verb: Yahweh 'smelled' the smoke of Noah's burnt offerings. The image is deliberately bodily, borrowed from the language of sacrifice, but God does not eat anything; the smelling leads straight into an inner decision.
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Genesis 27:27 וַיָּ֛רַח and he smelled
So he came near and kissed him. When Isaac smelled his clothing, he blessed him and said: “Ah, the smell of my son is like the smell of a field that the LORD has blessed.
Here: Isaac breathes in the scent. The same verb is used in Genesis 8:21, where the LORD smells Noah's sacrifice; here a blind man relies on his nose to identify his son.
Exodus · 1
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Exodus 30:38 לְהָרִ֣יחַ to smell
Anyone who makes something like it to enjoy its fragrance shall be cut off from his people.”
Leviticus · 1
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Leviticus 26:31 אָרִ֔יחַ I will smell
I will reduce your cities to rubble and lay waste your sanctuaries, and I will refuse to smell the pleasing aroma of your sacrifices.
Here: "I will smell." Used with the preposition bə-, as here, it means to smell with pleasure and accept, to take delight in (compare Amos 5:21 and Isa 11:3). God refuses to breathe in the offering, and that means he refuses to accept it.
Deuteronomy · 1
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Deuteronomy 4:28 יְרִיחֻֽן׃ they smell !
And there you will serve man-made gods of wood and stone, which cannot see or hear or eat or smell.
Here: 'They smell' (here: do not smell). It is the word used when God 'smells' the soothing aroma of sacrifice (Gen 8:21), so it denies that these gods can enjoy the incense and burnt offerings brought to them.
Judges · 1
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Judges 16:9 בַּהֲרִיח֣וֹ when smells it
While the men were hidden in her room, she called out, “Samson, the Philistines are here!” But he snapped the bowstrings like a strand of yarn seared by a flame. So the source of his strength remained unknown.
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 26:19 יָרַ֣ח may he smell
Now please, may my lord the king hear the words of his servant: If the LORD has stirred you up against me, then may He accept an offering. But if men have done it, may they be cursed in the presence of the LORD! For today they have driven me away from sharing in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, ‘Go, serve other gods.’
Here: A wish-form: 'let him smell'. It is the language of a sacrifice whose smoke rises as a pleasing aroma and calms divine anger (compare Gen 8:21, where YHWH 'smelled the soothing aroma' after the flood). If God is angry, David asks that an offering appease him.
Job · 1
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Job 39:25 יָרִ֣יחַ it smells
At the blast of the horn, he snorts with fervor. He catches the scent of battle from afar, the shouts of captains and the cry of war.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 115:6 יְרִיחֽוּן׃ they smell !
they have ears, but cannot hear; they have noses, but cannot smell;
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 11:3 וַהֲרִיח֖וֹ and delighting he
And He will delight in the fear of the LORD. He will not judge by what His eyes see, and He will not decide by what His ears hear,
Here: Literally "and his smelling" or "his breathing in". With the preposition 'in' (bə-), the verb means to take in a scent with pleasure, so "his delight". It also sounds like rûaḥ, 'Spirit/breath', from v. 2: the Spirit rests on him, and he breathes in the fear of the LORD.
Amos · 1
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Amos 5:21 אָרִ֖יחַ I delight
“I hate, I despise your feasts! I cannot stand the stench of your solemn assemblies.
Here: Sacrifice was pictured as smoke rising to God as a 'pleasing aroma' that he breathed in and accepted (Gen 8:21; Lev 1:9). To say 'I will not smell' means 'I will not accept it, it gives me no pleasure.' The wording repeats the covenant curse of Lev 26:31 exactly: 'I will not smell your pleasing aromas.'
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.