Hebrew word · H7834

שַׁ֫חַק

shechakim

cloud

Basic sense is 'fine dust' (Isa 40:15). In poetry it means thin clouds or the high skies. It probably comes from a verb meaning 'to grind fine'.

Appears 21 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) dust, cloud

1a) fine dust

1b) (thin) cloud

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Psalm 57:10

Range of meaning

Basic sense is 'fine dust' (Isa 40:15). In poetry it means thin clouds or the high skies. It probably comes from a verb meaning 'to grind fine'.

Against the English

KJV, BSB and YLT have 'clouds'. WEB and NIV have 'skies'. Both are fair. The word belongs to poetry and pairs with 'heavens'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Deut 33:26. Job 37:18 (the skies spread out 'hard as a cast mirror'). Ps 36:5, 78:23, 89:6, 108:4.

From the study of Jeremiah 51:9

Range of meaning

A poetic word for the high clouds, the skies, or the thin vault of sky. It is related to a verb meaning 'to grind to powder' (Exod 30:36), hence fine dust or thin cloud (Isa 40:15, 'fine dust on the scales'). Almost always plural and poetic.

Against the English

KJV/WEB 'skies', BSB/YLT 'clouds'. Both are right. The word is a stock partner of 'heavens' in Hebrew poetry.

Used elsewhere in the period

The fixed pair 'heavens // skies' appears in Psalm 36:5 ('your loyal love, LORD, reaches to the heavens, your faithfulness to the skies'), Psalm 57:10 and 108:4. The LXX of this verse reads 'the stars' (astra) in place of 'clouds'.

From the study of Deuteronomy 33:26

Range of meaning

From šāḥaq, "to rub away, grind fine" (Exod 30:36; Job 14:19). The singular šaḥaq means fine dust (Isa 40:15, "dust on the scales"). The plural šĕḥāqîm means the clouds or skies, perhaps pictured as fine powder or thin, beaten-out layers. In poetry it regularly pairs with šāmayim (Ps 36:5; 57:10; Job 35:5).

Against the English

"Clouds" (BSB) catches the visible element. "Skies" (WEB, ESV) or "sky" (KJV) catches the region. The Hebrew can mean both: the high cloud-layer as part of the sky.

Used elsewhere in the period

Job 37:18 pictures God spreading out the šĕḥāqîm "strong as a cast mirror". Ps 78:23 has God command the šĕḥāqîm from above and open the doors of heaven for manna. Ps 68:34 places God's strength baššĕḥāqîm.

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 1
  1. Deuteronomy 33:26 שְׁחָקִֽים׃ clouds

    “There is none like the God of Jeshurun, who rides the heavens to your aid, and the clouds in His majesty.

    Here: From a verb meaning "to grind fine". It is the high, thin cloud layer, the skies, and it pairs with "heavens" in the line before. The verb "rides" carries over: he rides the heavens, and he rides the skies.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 22:12 שְׁחָקִֽים׃ clouds

    He made darkness a canopy around Him, a gathering of water and thick clouds.

Job · 5
  1. Job 35:5 שְׁ֝חָקִ֗ים [the] clouds

    Look to the heavens and see; gaze at the clouds high above you.

  2. Job 36:28 שְׁחָקִ֑ים [the] clouds

    which the clouds pour out and shower abundantly on mankind.

  3. Job 37:18 לִשְׁחָקִ֑ים <to> clouds

    can you, like Him, spread out the skies, as strong as a mirror of bronze?

  4. Job 37:21 בַּשְּׁחָקִ֑ים in the clouds

    Now no one can gaze at the sun when it is bright in the skies after the wind has swept them clean.

  5. Job 38:37 שְׁחָקִ֣ים [the] clouds

    Who has the wisdom to count the clouds? Or who can tilt the water jars of the heavens

Psalms · 9
  1. Psalm 18:11 שְׁחָקִֽים׃ clouds

    He made darkness His hiding place, and storm clouds a canopy around Him.

  2. Psalm 36:5 שְׁחָקִֽים׃ [the] clouds

    Your loving devotion, O LORD, reaches to the heavens, Your faithfulness to the clouds.

    Here: A poetic word for the high skies or thin clouds, from a root meaning 'to grind fine' (the singular can mean fine dust). It is the usual poetic partner of 'heavens' and marks the uttermost height.

  3. Psalm 57:10 שְׁחָקִ֥ים [the] clouds

    For Your loving devotion reaches to the heavens, and Your faithfulness to the clouds.

    Here: A poetic word for the high skies or thin clouds. It matches 'heavens' in the line before and repeats the idea of height.

  4. Psalm 68:34 בַּשְּׁחָקִֽים׃ [is] in the clouds

    Ascribe the power to God, whose majesty is over Israel, whose strength is in the skies.

  5. Psalm 77:17 שְׁחָקִ֑ים clouds

    The clouds poured down water; the skies resounded with thunder; Your arrows flashed back and forth.

  6. Psalm 78:23 שְׁחָקִ֣ים clouds

    Yet He commanded the clouds above and opened the doors of the heavens.

  7. Psalm 89:6 בַ֭שַּׁחַק in the cloud[s]

    For who in the skies can compare with the LORD? Who among the heavenly beings is like the LORD?

    Here: 'In the sky', meaning the upper heavens where the divine beings were pictured as living. It is the same word used in verse 37 for the moon, the 'faithful witness in the skies'.

  8. Psalm 89:37 בַּ֝שַּׁ֗חַק in the cloud[s]

    like the moon, established forever, a faithful witness in the sky.” Selah

  9. Psalm 108:4 שְׁחָקִ֥ים [the] clouds

    For Your loving devotion extends beyond the heavens, and Your faithfulness reaches to the clouds.

    Here: The thin clouds or upper sky. It is the usual partner word for 'heavens' in Hebrew poetry, the farthest height a person can see.

Proverbs · 2
  1. Proverbs 3:20 וּ֝שְׁחָקִ֗ים and clouds

    By His knowledge the watery depths were broken open, and the clouds dripped with dew.

  2. Proverbs 8:28 שְׁחָקִ֣ים [the] clouds

    when He established the clouds above, when the fountains of the deep gushed forth,

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 40:15 וּכְשַׁ֥חַק and like [the] dust of

    Surely the nations are like a drop in a bucket; they are considered a speck of dust on the scales; He lifts up the islands like fine dust.

    Here: 'And like the fine dust of'. The root means 'grind to powder'. In the plural the word means the thin clouds or the sky. Here it is the faint film of dust lying on a scale-pan, too light to move the balance.

  2. Isaiah 45:8 וּשְׁחָקִ֖ים and clouds

    Drip down, O heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness. Let the earth open up that salvation may sprout and righteousness spring up with it; I, the LORD, have created it.

    Here: 'And the clouds/skies.' The word comes from a root meaning to grind fine, so it suggests fine haze or high thin cloud. It stands parallel to 'heavens', as it does in Proverbs 3:20 and Job 36:28.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 51:9 שְׁחָקִֽים׃ [the] clouds

    “We tried to heal Babylon, but she could not be healed. Abandon her! Let each of us go to his own land, for her judgment extends to the sky and reaches to the clouds.”

    Here: A poetic word for the high clouds or the thin vault of sky, probably from a root meaning 'to grind fine', like fine dust. It pairs with 'heavens' to make the height complete.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.