Greek word · G3087
λυχνία
lychnia
lampstand
A stand for a lamp. In this period that meant an oil lamp, either set on top of a stand or as a branched lampstand such as the tabernacle and temple menorah.
Appears 12 times in 11 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
λυχνία, -ας, ἡ
(vulgar form of λυχνίον = λυχνοῦχος; see Kennedy, Sources, 40), [in LXX for מְנוֹרָה (Exodus 25:31 40:4, al.) ;]
a lampstand: Matthew 5:15, Mark 4:21, Luke 8:16 11:33; of that in the Tabernacle, Hebrews 9:2; metaphorically, of the two witnesses, Revelation 11:4; of the seven churches of Asia, Revelation 1:12-13, 20 2:1; of the removal of a church from its position, κινεῖν τ. λυχνίαν κ.τ.λ., Revelation 2:5.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Revelation 2:5
- Range of meaning
A stand for a lamp. In this period that meant an oil lamp, either set on top of a stand or as a branched lampstand such as the tabernacle and temple menorah.
- Against the English
KJV 'candlestick' makes readers picture a candle. These were oil lamps. Modern versions' 'lampstand' is accurate.
- How it drifted
'Candlestick' was a normal word for a light-holder in 1611, but today it suggests wax candles and loses the link to the temple's oil-lit menorah.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In the Septuagint it is the word for the menorah in the tabernacle (Exod 25:31–40) and in Zechariah 4:2, where the lampstand is linked with God's Spirit ('not by might, nor by power,' Zech 4:6). Revelation 11:4 uses lampstands for the two witnesses. Revelation 1:12–13, 20 shows the risen Christ walking among seven lampstands, which are the seven churches.
From the study of Revelation 2:1
- Range of meaning
A lampstand, the stand on which an oil lamp was set (Mark 4:21). In the Septuagint it is the word for the tabernacle and temple lampstand, the menorah.
- Against the English
KJV 'candlesticks' (following the Vulgate's candelabra and Tyndale) gives a modern reader the wrong picture. The lights were olive-oil lamps, not candles. Modern versions correctly say 'lampstands'.
- How it drifted
Latin candelabrum and the English of Tyndale's and the KJV's day used 'candlestick' loosely for any stand holding a light. Today it means only a holder for wax candles.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exod 25:31–40 (the golden lampstand of the tabernacle). Zech 4:2: 'a lampstand all of gold … and seven lamps on it', fed by olive trees and explained as 'not by might … but by my Spirit' (4:6). Rev 11:4 calls the two witnesses 'the two lampstands'.
- Range of meaning
A lampstand: a stand on which oil lamps were placed. In the sanctuary context it means the menorah, the golden lampstand with a central shaft, six branches and seven lamps.
- Against the English
KJV 'candlestick' fits 1611 English, when the word meant any light-holder. A modern reader pictures wax candles, which were not used. The lamps burned pure olive oil (Exodus 27:20–21).
- How it drifted
'Candlestick' narrowed to mean a holder for candles once that word was no longer used for lamps generally. The Latin Vulgate's candelabrum lies behind the older English choice.
- Used elsewhere in the period
LXX Exodus 25:31–40; 40:24 (lampstand on the south side, opposite the table). Josephus, Jewish War 5.217 (seven lamps, standing for the seven planets); Philo, Life of Moses 2.102–103. The menorah carried off from Jerusalem appears on the Arch of Titus. Revelation 1:12, 20 uses the same word for the churches as lampstands.
Where it appears
Matthew · 1
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Matthew 5:15 λυχνίαν, lampstand,
Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket. Instead, they set it on a stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house.
Here: Whatever held the lamp up high: a stand of clay, wood or metal, or a ledge or niche in the wall. Its purpose was to spread the light.
Mark · 1
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Mark 4:21 λυχνίαν lampstand
Jesus also said to them, “Does anyone bring in a lamp to put it under a basket or under a bed? Doesn’t he set it on a stand?
Here: A stand, or a raised ledge, on which the lamp was set so its light spread through the room. In a Galilean house this was a plain household fixture, not the temple menorah.
Luke · 2
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Luke 8:16 λυχνίας a lampstand
No one lights a lamp and covers it with a jar or puts it under a bed. Instead, he sets it on a stand, so those who enter can see the light.
Here: A lampstand: a stand, bracket or raised spot that held the lamp high so its weak flame reached the whole room. The Greek Old Testament uses the same word for the tabernacle menorah.
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Luke 11:33 λυχνίαν lampstand
No one lights a lamp and puts it in a cellar or under a basket. Instead, he sets it on a stand, so those who enter can see the light.
Here: A stand, which might be a pottery or metal pedestal or a raised ledge, that holds the lamp up so its light spreads through the room. It is not a candlestick.
Hebrews · 1
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Hebrews 9:2 λυχνία the lampstand
A tabernacle was prepared. In its first room were the lampstand, the table, and the consecrated bread. This was called the Holy Place.
Here: The golden seven-branched stand holding olive-oil lamps (the menorah), the only light in the windowless outer room.
Revelation · 7
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Revelation 1:12 λυχνίας lampstands
Then I turned to see the voice that was speaking with me. And having turned, I saw seven golden lampstands,
Here: "Lampstands," stands that hold oil lamps. It is the word the Greek Old Testament uses for the tabernacle's golden menorah, so the image is a sanctuary image.
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Revelation 1:13 λυχνιῶν lampstands
and among the lampstands was One like the Son of Man, dressed in a long robe, with a golden sash around His chest.
Here: Stands that held small clay or metal oil lamps. These are the seven golden lampstands of verse 12, which verse 20 explains are the seven churches. The word also calls up the golden lampstand (menorah) of the Tabernacle and Temple.
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Revelation 1:20 λυχνίας λυχνίαι lampstands
This is the mystery of the seven stars you saw in My right hand and of the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.
Here: Stands that held burning oil lamps. This is the word the Greek Old Testament uses for the tabernacle and temple menorah.
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Revelation 2:1 λυχνιῶν lampstands
“To the angel of the church in Ephesus write: These are the words of Him who holds the seven stars in His right hand and walks among the seven golden lampstands.
Here: Stands that hold oil lamps. 1:20 identifies them as the churches. The image comes from the tabernacle lampstand (Exod 25) and Zechariah's golden lampstand (Zech 4), and it sets up the threat of 2:5: 'I will remove your lampstand from its place.'
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Revelation 2:5 λυχνίαν lampstand
Therefore, keep in mind how far you have fallen. Repent and perform the deeds you did at first. But if you do not repent, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place.
Here: A stand holding an oil lamp. Revelation 1:20 says outright that the seven lampstands are the seven churches. This is the Ephesian church's place and function as a light-bearer before Christ.
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Revelation 11:4 λυχνίαι lampstands
These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth.
Here: A stand that holds oil lamps, recalling the temple menorah. Revelation has already said that "the seven lampstands are the seven churches" (1:20), so a first-century reader would think of the witnessing communities of believers.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.