Greek word · G3360

μέχρι

mechri

until

'As far as blood.' This is a fixed phrase for a fight carried to the limit, where blood is shed and death becomes possible. It is built like 'as far as death' (mechri thanatou), which was used of Jesus' obedience (Philippians 2:8) and of Jews who fought for the Law (2 Maccabees 13:14).

Appears 17 times in 17 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

μέχρι

(bef. consonants, exc. Luke 16:16, μέχρι Ἰωάνου) and μέχρις (bef. vowels, Mk, Ga, ll. with, Hebrews 12:4; see Bl., § 5, 4)

1. as prep., with genitive, as far as, even to, until;

(a) of place: Romans 15:19;

(b) of time : Matthew 11:23 13:30 28:15, Luke 16:16, Acts 10:30 20:7, Romans 5:14, 1 Timothy 6:14, Hebrews 3:6, 14 9:10;

(with) of measure or degree : Philippians 2:8, 30, 2 Timothy 2:9, Hebrews 12:4 (μ. αἵματος, cf. 2Ma.13:14).

2. As conjunct. (as long as), until: Ephesians 4:13; μ. οὗ (Thuc., iii, 28, but more frequently μ. ἄν see BI., § 65, 10), Mark 13:30, Galatians 4:19 (μ. is prop, an adv., cf. Lat. usgue, before prep. or adv.; LS, see word, and cf. ἄχρι).†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Hebrews 12:4

Range of meaning

'As far as blood.' This is a fixed phrase for a fight carried to the limit, where blood is shed and death becomes possible. It is built like 'as far as death' (mechri thanatou), which was used of Jesus' obedience (Philippians 2:8) and of Jews who fought for the Law (2 Maccabees 13:14).

Against the English

KJV/WEB 'unto blood' and YLT 'unto blood' keep the Greek image but are opaque to modern readers. BSB, NIV and ESV say 'to the point of shedding your blood', which is clear. NLT turns it into 'given your lives', making death explicit; that is probably right, but it closes off the debate described below.

How it drifted

No real drift in the word. The phrase gets misread when 'blood' is taken as a measure of how hard someone tries against a personal vice, not as actual bloodshed under persecution.

Used elsewhere in the period

2 Maccabees 13:14 calls Jews to contend 'as far as death' for laws, temple and city. Commentators (e.g. Attridge) cite the Greek novelist Heliodorus (Aethiopica 7.8) for strife 'as far as blood'. The phrase fits the Jewish tradition of martyrs who fought to the death, described in Hebrews 11:35–37 (tortured, stoned, sawn in two, killed by the sword).

From the study of Philippians 2:8

Range of meaning

Mechri means 'until' (time) or 'as far as, up to the point of' (extent or degree). With thanatou it means obedience carried to the limit of dying.

Against the English

KJV 'unto death' is archaic, and some readers take it as obeying death. WEB and ESV 'to the point of death' show the sense of extent most clearly.

Used elsewhere in the period

The same phrase appears in 2 Macc 13:14, where Judas urges his men to fight 'to the point of death' for laws, temple, city and homeland. Within Philippians, Epaphroditus came 'near to death' (μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, 2:30) for Christ's work, which deliberately echoes this verse.

From the study of Philippians 2:30

Range of meaning

"As far as death, to the point of death." It can mean actually dying (Rev 2:10, "faithful unto death") or, with a verb like "came near," reaching the edge of it.

Against the English

Translations usually smooth it into "nearly died" (BSB, NIV) or "came near to death" (WEB). That is accurate, but the verbal echo of 2:8 disappears unless the reader notices that "to the point of death" appears in both places.

Used elsewhere in the period

Phil 2:8: Christ "became obedient to the point of death (mechri thanatou), even death on a cross." Paul uses the phrase only in this letter, in this one chapter.

Where it appears

Matthew · 2
  1. Matthew 11:23 μέχρι until

    And you, Capernaum, will you be lifted up to heaven? No, you will be brought down to Hades! For if the miracles that were performed in you had been performed in Sodom, it would have remained to this day.

    Here: 'Right up to'. It stretches the imagined survival into the hearers' own day.

  2. Matthew 28:15 μέχρι until

    So the guards took the money and did as they were instructed. And this account has been circulated among the Jews to this very day.

    Here: 'Until, right up to': the story was still going around when the Gospel was written.

Mark · 1
  1. Mark 13:30 μέχρις until

    Truly I tell you, this generation will not pass away until all these things have happened.

    Here: Marks the point before which the generation will not pass: everything must happen before the generation is gone.

Luke · 1
  1. Luke 16:16 μέχρι until

    The Law and the Prophets were proclaimed until John. Since that time, the gospel of the kingdom of God is being preached, and everyone is forcing his way into it.

    Here: Marks a limit in time: the age that the Law and the Prophets defined ran up to John. It does not say they were cancelled. The next verse rules that out.

Acts · 2
  1. Acts 10:30 μέχρι until

    Cornelius answered: “Four days ago I was in my house praying at this, the ninth hour. Suddenly a man in radiant clothing stood before me

    Here: 'Up to this hour.' Together with apo, it measures the gap exactly: four days back to this same time of day.

  2. Acts 20:7 μέχρι until

    On the first day of the week we came together to break bread. Since Paul was ready to leave the next day, he talked to them and kept on speaking until midnight.

    Here: "As far as, until": marks the point in time the talk reached.

Romans · 2
  1. Romans 5:14 μέχρι until

    Nevertheless, death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over those who did not sin in the way that Adam transgressed. He is a pattern of the One to come.

    Here: 'Up to' Moses. It marks off the period before the Law was given at Sinai, the period v.13 called 'until the law'.

  2. Romans 15:19 μέχρι unto

    by the power of signs and wonders, and by the power of the Spirit of God. So from Jerusalem all the way around to Illyricum, I have fully proclaimed the gospel of Christ.

    Here: Marks the far limit. The word can mean up to the border or into the territory, so it does not settle whether Paul actually preached inside Illyricum.

Galatians · 1
  1. Galatians 4:19 μέχρις until

    My children, for whom I am again in the pains of childbirth until Christ is formed in you,

    Here: "Until." It sets a goal for the labor: it goes on as long as the outcome has not arrived.

Ephesians · 1
  1. Ephesians 4:13 μέχρι until

    until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God, as we mature to the full measure of the stature of Christ.

    Here: Marks the finish line of the process begun in v.12 (equipping and building up). With the subjunctive and no time stated, it points to a goal still ahead whose date is open.

Philippians · 2
  1. Philippians 2:8 μέχρι unto

    And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to death—even death on a cross.

    Here: 'As far as' or 'to the point of.' It marks how far the obedience went, not simply when it ended. His obedience went all the way to its furthest limit. It does not mean he obeyed death.

  2. Philippians 2:30 μέχρι unto

    because he nearly died for the work of Christ, risking his life to make up for your deficit of service to me.

    Here: "As far as, to the very point of." The same phrase "to the point of death" (mechri thanatou) was used of Christ in 2:8, and the echo looks deliberate.

1 Timothy · 1
  1. 1 Timothy 6:14 μέχρι until

    Keep this commandment without stain or reproach until the appearance of our Lord Jesus Christ,

    Here: Sets the finish line: the keeping is to last all the way to the Lord's manifestation. It describes the horizon of faithfulness, not a fixed date.

2 Timothy · 1
  1. 2 Timothy 2:9 μέχρι even to

    for which I suffer to the extent of being chained like a criminal. But the word of God cannot be chained!

    Here: "To the point of": the suffering has gone as far as actual fetters, not just hardship or hostility.

Hebrews · 3
  1. Hebrews 3:14 μέχρι unto

    We have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly to the end the assurance we had at first.

    Here: 'All the way to'. The holding has to last the whole stretch.

  2. Hebrews 9:10 μέχρι until

    They consist only in food and drink and special washings—external regulations imposed until the time of reform.

    Here: 'Until'. The regulations had an end point built in. They were meant to hold for a set period.

  3. Hebrews 12:4 μέχρις unto

    In your struggle against sin, you have not yet resisted to the point of shedding your blood.

    Here: Marks the furthest point a struggle can reach. Paired with 'blood', it makes a fixed phrase: to the limit, to the point of bloodshed or death.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.