Greek word · G4124
πλεονεξία
pleonexia
greediness
From pleon ('more') and echein ('to have'): the desire to have more, grasping, covetousness, getting ahead at another's expense. In Greek moral philosophy it is the root of injustice, the refusal to accept one's fair share.
Appears 10 times in 10 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
πλεονεξία, -ας, ἡ
(πλεονέκτης), [in LXX for בֶּצַע ;]
the character and conduct of a πλεονέκτης.
1. advantage.
2. desire for advantage, grasping, aggression, cupidity, covetousness: Luke 12:15, Romans 1:29, 2 Corinthians 9:5, Ephesians 4:19 (see ICC, in l) Ephesians 5:3, Colossians 3:5, 1 Thessalonians 2:5, 2 Peter 2:3 2:14; pl. (see Bl., § 32, 6), Mark 7:22.†
SYN.: φιλαργυρία, avarice (see Tr., Syn., § xxiv) (AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Ephesians 4:19
- Range of meaning
From pleon ('more') and echein ('to have'): the desire to have more, grasping, covetousness, getting ahead at another's expense. In Greek moral philosophy it is the root of injustice, the refusal to accept one's fair share.
- Against the English
KJV/WEB/NASB 'greediness'. BSB 'a craving for more'. NIV 'full of greed'. ESV 'greedy to practice', which makes it a desire for impurity itself. NLT 'eagerly', which loses the grasping, exploiting sense almost completely.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Septuagint: Habakkuk 2:9; Jeremiah 22:17; Ezekiel 22:27, all about unjust gain. Plato, Aristotle and Philo treat it as a chief vice. In Paul it repeatedly sits beside sexual sin (1 Thessalonians 4:6, 'take advantage of'; Colossians 3:5, 'greed, which is idolatry'; Ephesians 5:3, 5). The Damascus Document from Qumran (CD 4:17–18) names three 'nets of Belial': fornication, wealth, and defilement of the sanctuary. That is a close Jewish parallel to the triad here of shameless excess, impurity and greed.
From the study of Colossians 3:5
- Range of meaning
Literally "having more" (πλέον, "more" + ἔχω, "have"). It means greed, grasping acquisitiveness, the drive to get more than one's share, usually at others' expense. Greek moralists treated it as a basic social vice and the opposite of justice.
- Against the English
BSB and NIV say "greed"; KJV, WEB, YLT and ESV say "covetousness." Modern readers often hear "covetousness" as a private wish for what someone else owns. Pleonexia is more active and acquisitive: grabbing, overreaching, exploiting.
- How it drifted
"Covetousness" is now mostly church vocabulary, tied to the tenth commandment and to inner envy. It has lost the economic, grasping edge the Greek word had.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Plato and Aristotle treat pleonexia as the root of injustice. In the NT: Mark 7:22; Luke 12:15 ("guard against all pleonexia"); Rom 1:29; Eph 4:19; 5:3; 1 Thess 2:5. The verb πλεονεκτέω, "take advantage of," appears in 1 Thess 4:6 in a sexual context. Jewish texts link greed and idolatry: Testament of Judah 19:1 says love of money leads to idols; Philo (Special Laws 1.23–25) speaks of making gold and silver into gods.
- Range of meaning
Built from pleon ('more') and echein ('to have'): the desire or habit of having more. In Greek ethics it meant (1) grasping for more than one's due share, which made it a basic form of injustice, and (2) an appetite for more that is never satisfied. It covers money, land, power and status.
- Against the English
KJV/WEB/ESV say 'covetousness'; BSB/NIV/NASB say 'greed.' 'Covetousness' makes a modern reader think of the Tenth Commandment, wanting what belongs to your neighbour. Pleonexia is wider. It is the urge to have more, whether or not the thing belongs to someone else.
- How it drifted
English 'covet' grew attached to the Decalogue's 'Thou shalt not covet.' But the Greek Old Testament (the Septuagint, or LXX) uses a different verb there (epithymeō, 'desire'). Latin rendered pleonexia as avaritia, and the medieval sin of 'avarice' narrowed it toward hoarding money.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics bk. 5) describes the unjust person as pleonektēs, someone who takes more than his share. Plato (Republic 359c) calls pleonexia what every nature naturally chases unless law restrains it. In the LXX it translates Hebrew betsa', 'unjust gain': Ps 118(119):36 'not to pleonexia'; Hab 2:9 'woe to him who gains pleonexia for his house'; Ezek 22:27. In the NT it appears in vice lists (Mark 7:22; Rom 1:29), and Paul calls it idolatry (Col 3:5; cf. Eph 5:5).
Where it appears
Mark · 1
-
Mark 7:22 πλεονεξίαι, covetous desires,
greed, wickedness, deceit, debauchery, envy, slander, arrogance, and foolishness.
Here: Also plural: acts of grasping for more than your share, usually at someone else's expense. It covers both the hunger for more and the grabbing that follows.
Luke · 1
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Luke 12:15 πλεονεξίας, covetousness,
And He said to them, “Watch out! Guard yourselves against every form of greed, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.”
Here: Literally 'having-more-ness': the drive to get more than you have, or more than your share. This is the key word of the verse (see studies).
Romans · 1
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Romans 1:29 πλεονεξίᾳ, covetousness,
They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed, and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malice. They are gossips,
Here: Literally 'having-more-ness': the drive to get more than one's share, usually at someone else's expense. Greek moralists treated it as the root of injustice, so it sits naturally next to adikia.
2 Corinthians · 1
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2 Corinthians 9:5 πλεονεξίαν. covetousness.
So I thought it necessary to urge the brothers to visit you beforehand and make arrangements for the generous gift you had promised. This way, your gift will be prepared generously and not begrudgingly.
Here: Literally 'having-more-ness': the grasping that takes or keeps more than its share. Here it describes a gift shaped by greed. It could be a grudging gift held back by the giver's greed, or a sum squeezed out of them that would look like the collectors' greed. Scholars read it both ways.
Ephesians · 2
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Ephesians 4:19 πλεονεξίᾳ.¶ greediness.
Having lost all sense of shame, they have given themselves over to sensuality for the practice of every kind of impurity, with a craving for more.
Here: Literally 'having-more-ness': the hunger to get more than one's share, usually at someone else's expense. It closes the verse with the insatiable, exploiting quality of the whole way of life.
-
Ephesians 5:3 πλεονεξία covetousness
But among you, as is proper among the saints, there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed.
Here: Literally 'having more': the grasping urge to get more than your share, usually at someone else's expense. Next to sexual sins it may include sexual greed, but in 5:5 the greedy person is called an idolater.
Colossians · 1
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Colossians 3:5 πλεονεξίαν covetousness
Put to death, therefore, the components of your earthly nature: sexual immorality, impurity, lust, evil desires, and greed, which is idolatry.
Here: Literally "having-more-ness": the grasping urge always to have more, usually at someone else's expense.
1 Thessalonians · 1
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1 Thessalonians 2:5 πλεονεξίας, for greed —
As you know, we never used words of flattery or any pretext for greed. God is our witness!
Here: Literally 'having-more-ness'. It means the drive to get more for yourself at someone else's expense: money, gifts, hospitality, influence, or use of people. Here it is the hidden motive a con-man preacher would cover with fine speech.
2 Peter · 2
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2 Peter 2:3 πλεονεξίᾳ covetousness
In their greed, these false teachers will exploit you with deceptive words. The longstanding verdict against them remains in force, and their destruction does not sleep.
Here: The urge to have more than your share, usually at someone else's expense. It names their underlying motive, and the letter comes back to it in 2:14 ('hearts trained in greed').
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2 Peter 2:14 πλεονεξίας in craving
Their eyes are full of adultery; their desire for sin is never satisfied; they seduce the unstable. They are accursed children with hearts trained in greed.
Here: "In greed": the urge to have more, usually at someone else's expense. Here it points especially to profiting from their followers (2:3) the way Balaam did (2:15).
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.