Greek word · G5530
χράω
chraō
to use
Use, make use of, employ. Deal with, treat (people). Normally takes the dative case.
Appears 11 times in 11 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
χράομαι, χρῶμαι
(χρή), [in LXX for עָשָׂה, etc. ;]
to use, make use of: with dative (cf. M, Pr., 64, 158), Acts 27:17, 1 Corinthians 9:12 9:15, 1 Timothy 1:8 5:23; μᾶλλον χρῆσαι (i.e. the opportunity; see M, Pr., 247), 1 Corinthians 7:21; as sometimes in late writers (cf. M, Pr., 64; Lft., Notes, 233), with accusative, 1 Corinthians 7:31; of feelings, etc., to exercise, shew: 2 Corinthians 1:17 3:12; with adv., ἀποτόμως, to deal sharply, 2 Corinthians 13:10; with dative of person(s) (cl.), to treat, deal with, Acts 27:3.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of 1 Corinthians 7:31
- Range of meaning
Use, make use of, employ. Deal with, treat (people). Normally takes the dative case.
- Against the English
'Use' (KJV, WEB, YLT, NASB, BSB, NIV). ESV has 'deal with', which brings out the commercial and social sense.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Acts 27:3, Julius 'treated (chrēsamenos) Paul kindly'. 1 Cor 7:21, 'make use of it' (the famous disputed line about slavery and freedom). 1 Cor 9:12, 15, Paul 'did not use' his right. It is common in the papyri for using property or resources.
From the study of 1 Timothy 5:23
- Range of meaning
To use, make use of, employ, treat (someone a certain way). It takes its object in the dative case. It often describes using something as a means to an end: food, remedies, laws, opportunities.
- Against the English
KJV, WEB, BSB and YLT keep 'use', which is good. Versions that say simply 'drink a little wine' (e.g. NLT) lose the sense of using it as a remedy.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Paul uses it of 'making use of' freedom or rights (1 Cor 7:21, 9:12, 15), and 1 Tim 1:8 speaks of using the law 'lawfully'. Herodotus 1.71 pairs 'using wine' with 'water-drinking', just as this verse does.
From the study of 2 Corinthians 3:12
- Range of meaning
To use, make use of, employ. Followed by a dative of a quality, it means "to act with" or "to show" that quality, for example chraomai parrēsia = "to speak or act frankly."
- Against the English
KJV, WEB and YLT keep "we use." BSB, NIV and ESV fold it into "we are very bold." Both are accurate. The "use" wording shows that parrēsia is something practised, a way of conducting oneself.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The phrase parrēsia chrēsthai is a standard expression in classical and Hellenistic Greek. Paul uses chraomai with a dative of manner elsewhere too, for example 2 Cor 1:17 ("did I act with fickleness?").
Where it appears
Acts · 2
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Acts 27:3 χρησάμενος was treating
The next day we landed at Sidon, and Julius treated Paul with consideration, allowing him to visit his friends and receive their care.
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Acts 27:17 ἐχρῶντο they were using
After hoisting it up, the crew used ropes to undergird the ship. And fearing that they would run aground on the sandbars of Syrtis, they lowered the sea anchor and were driven along.
1 Corinthians · 4
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1 Corinthians 7:21 χρῆσαι. do take advantage.
Were you a slave when you were called? Do not let it concern you—but if you can gain your freedom, take the opportunity.
Here: "Make use of [it]!" A command describing a single, decisive act. Greek leaves out what is to be used, so readers must supply it: the chance of freedom, or one's present slave condition. Either way the word means taking hold of something actively.
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1 Corinthians 7:31 χρώμενοι using
and those who use the things of this world, as if not dependent on them. For this world in its present form is passing away.
Here: Present participle: the ongoing, everyday business of using things, dealing with people and trading. Paul assumes believers will keep doing it. He does not tell them to stop.
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1 Corinthians 9:12 ἐχρησάμεθα we did use
If others have this right to your support, shouldn’t we have it all the more? But we did not exercise this right. Instead, we put up with anything rather than hinder the gospel of Christ.
Here: "We did not make use of." The past tense looks back on Paul's whole stay in Corinth (Acts 18) as a settled decision. It takes its object in the dative case, which is why "this right" follows in that form.
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1 Corinthians 9:15 κέχρημαι have used
But I have not used any of these rights. And I am not writing this to suggest that something be done for me. Indeed, I would rather die than let anyone nullify my boast.
Here: This is the perfect tense, which describes a past action whose result still holds: 'I have not made use of, and still have not.' It echoes 9:12, 'we did not make use of this right.'
2 Corinthians · 3
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2 Corinthians 1:17 ἐχρησάμην, did I use?
When I planned this, did I do it carelessly? Or do I make my plans by human standards, so as to say “Yes, yes” and also “No, no”?
Here: "Did I make use of / act with" fickleness. The aorist looks back at the one decision as a single past act.
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2 Corinthians 3:12 χρώμεθα, we use,
Therefore, since we have such a hope, we are very bold.
Here: "We make use of" or "we conduct ourselves with." Together with the dative it means "we practise great frankness." It describes how Paul habitually behaves and speaks in his ministry, not a single brave act.
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2 Corinthians 13:10 χρήσωμαι I may treat [you]
This is why I write these things while absent, so that when I am present I will not need to be severe in my use of the authority that the Lord gave me for building you up, not for tearing you down.
Here: With the adverb it means 'deal severely' or 'proceed severely.' Greek gives no object. 'You' is implied, and the verb probably also looks to 'the authority' that follows: how he would use it.
1 Timothy · 2
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1 Timothy 1:8 χρῆται, shall use,
Now we know that the law is good, if one uses it legitimately.
Here: "Uses, handles, puts it to work." It is in the present subjunctive, a form that describes ongoing, habitual practice: how someone regularly deploys the law in teaching and life. The law is pictured as a tool that can be used well or misused.
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1 Timothy 5:23 χρῶ do use
Stop drinking only water and use a little wine instead, because of your stomach and your frequent ailments.
Here: Present imperative: 'keep making use of'. The verb treats the wine as something taken for a purpose, a remedy or part of a health routine, and not as a pleasure.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.