Hebrew word · H1265

בְּרוֹשׁ

beroosh

cypress

Bᵉrôsh is a tall conifer of Lebanon and the Levant: cypress, Phoenician juniper or possibly a pine or fir (the identification is debated). Hădas is the myrtle (Myrtus communis), a fragrant evergreen shrub.

Appears 20 times in 20 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) cypress, fir, juniper, pine

1a) a noble tree (lit.)

1b) of stateliness (fig.)

1c) material for temple

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 55:13

Range of meaning

Bᵉrôsh is a tall conifer of Lebanon and the Levant: cypress, Phoenician juniper or possibly a pine or fir (the identification is debated). Hădas is the myrtle (Myrtus communis), a fragrant evergreen shrub.

Against the English

KJV "fir tree" follows older guesses. Modern versions prefer "cypress" (BSB, WEB, ESV, NASB) or "juniper" (NIV). "Myrtle" is secure in all.

How it drifted

"Fir" in the KJV reflects seventeenth-century identification, not a change of meaning in the Hebrew.

Used elsewhere in the period

Bᵉrôsh timber went into Solomon's temple (1 Kgs 5:8–10; 6:15, 34). Both trees appear together in Isaiah's earlier picture of the desert made fertile: "I will put in the wilderness the cedar, acacia, myrtle and olive; I will set in the desert the cypress..." (41:19). In 37:24 the Assyrian king boasts, "I cut down its tallest cedars, its choicest cypresses (bᵉrôshayw)", using the very verb karat that closes our verse. In 14:8 the cypresses rejoice that no woodcutter "comes up" against them any longer. Myrtle branches were used for the booths of the Feast of Tabernacles (Neh 8:15), and myrtles mark the scene of Zechariah's vision (Zech 1:8–11).

From the study of Hosea 14:8

Range of meaning

A large evergreen conifer of the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains. It is probably the Phoenician juniper (Juniperus excelsa) or the cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). Older translations said 'fir'. It was prized for timber in temple and palace building and for ship planking (Ezekiel 27:5).

Against the English

KJV and YLT 'fir tree'; BSB, ESV, NASB and WEB 'cypress'; NIV 'juniper'. The exact species is uncertain. The point is a tall, ever-green, long-lived tree that does not lose its foliage in drought.

How it drifted

'Fir' reflects 16th–17th century guesses at Levantine trees. It now suggests a northern-European Christmas-tree type, which is not the tree meant.

Used elsewhere in the period

1 Kings 5:8, 10 (Hiram's cypress timber for Solomon's temple); Isaiah 14:8; 41:19; 55:13 ('instead of the thorn shall come up the cypress'); 60:13; Psalm 104:17 (the stork nests in the cypresses).

From the study of Isaiah 60:13

Range of meaning

Three valuable trees of the Lebanon range. Berosh is common in the Bible and is probably the cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) or the Phoenician/Grecian juniper. Tidhar and te'ashur appear only here and in Isaiah 41:19, and possibly Ezekiel 27:6 for te'ashur. Their species cannot be identified with confidence.

Against the English

Translations differ widely. KJV has "fir… pine… box." BSB has "cypress, elm, and boxwood." WEB has "cypress… pine… box." ESV has "cypress, the plane, and the pine." The variety shows the uncertainty, not a disagreement about the meaning.

How it drifted

Translators have long had to choose a tree name from the trees they knew, guided by Greek and Latin renderings, which themselves vary.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isaiah 41:19 has exactly the same three words with "together." Berosh goes with cedar for Solomon's temple (1 Kings 5:8, 10; 6:15, 34) and in Isaiah 14:8; 37:24, where conquering kings cut down Lebanon's "choicest berosh."

Where it appears

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 6:5 בְרוֹשִׁ֑ים fir trees

    David and all the house of Israel were celebrating before the LORD with all kinds of wood instruments, harps, stringed instruments, tambourines, sistrums, and cymbals.

1 Kings · 5
  1. 1 Kings 5:8 בְרוֹשִֽׁים׃ cypress<es>

    Then Hiram sent a reply to Solomon, saying: “I have received your message; I will do all you desire regarding the cedar and cypress timber.

    Here: A second tall conifer of the Lebanon range, often paired with cedar. Scholars do not agree on the exact species (cypress, Phoenician juniper, or fir). In the temple it was used for floorboards and doors (1 Kings 6:15, 34).

  2. 1 Kings 5:10 בְרוֹשִׁ֖ים cypress<es>

    So Hiram provided Solomon with all the cedar and cypress timber he wanted,

  3. 1 Kings 6:15 בְּרוֹשִֽׁים׃ cypresses

    He lined the interior walls with cedar paneling from the floor of the temple to the ceiling, and he covered the floor with cypress boards.

    Here: A tall conifer of the Lebanon range. Cypress and juniper are the likeliest identifications, though the exact tree is uncertain. It was valued for durable, fragrant wood, and Hiram supplied it alongside cedar (5:8, 10).

  4. 1 Kings 6:34 בְרוֹשִׁ֑ים cypresses

    The two doors were made of cypress wood, and each had two folding panels.

  5. 1 Kings 9:11 בְרוֹשִׁ֛ים cypresses

    King Solomon gave twenty towns in the land of Galilee to Hiram king of Tyre, who had supplied him with cedar and cypress logs and gold for his every desire.

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 19:23 בְּרֹשָׁ֔יו pines its

    Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest outposts, the densest of its forests.

2 Chronicles · 2
  1. 2 Chronicles 2:8 בְּרוֹשִׁ֣ים fir<s>

    Send me also cedar, cypress, and algum logs from Lebanon, for I know that your servants have skill to cut timber there. And indeed, my servants will work with yours

  2. 2 Chronicles 3:5 בְּרוֹשִׁ֔ים cypresses

    He paneled the main room with cypress, which he overlaid with fine gold and decorated with palm trees and chains.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 104:17 בְּרוֹשִׁ֥ים [is] fir trees

    where the birds build their nests; the stork makes her home in the cypresses.

Isaiah · 5
  1. Isaiah 14:8 בְּרוֹשִׁ֛ים [the] fir trees

    Even the cypresses and cedars of Lebanon exult over you: “Since you have been laid low, no woodcutter comes against us.”

  2. Isaiah 37:24 בְּרֹשָׁ֔יו pines its

    Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest heights, the densest of its forests.

    Here: A tall conifer that often appears alongside the cedar. It is probably a cypress or juniper, though the exact species is uncertain. It was a quality timber for beams and doors.

  3. Isaiah 41:19 בְּר֛וֹשׁ cypress[es]

    I will plant cedars in the wilderness, acacias, myrtles, and olive trees. I will set cypresses in the desert, elms and boxwood together,

    Here: A tall conifer of Lebanon, most likely cypress or juniper. It is often paired with the cedar and was used for the floors and doors of Solomon's temple (1 Kgs 6:15, 34).

  4. Isaiah 55:13 בְר֔וֹשׁ a cypress

    Instead of the thornbush, the cypress will grow, and instead of the brier, the myrtle will spring up; this will make a name for the LORD, an everlasting sign, never to be destroyed.”

    Here: A tall evergreen conifer of the Levant, probably a cypress or juniper, prized as building timber (used in Solomon's temple) and famous on Lebanon. A noble tree in place of a scrubby weed.

  5. Isaiah 60:13 בְּר֛וֹשׁ cypress

    The glory of Lebanon will come to you—its cypress, elm, and boxwood together—to adorn the place of My sanctuary, and I will glorify the place of My feet.

    Here: A tall conifer of the Lebanon, most likely the cypress or the Phoenician juniper. Solomon's temple used it for floors and doors (1 Kings 6:15, 34). The exact species is uncertain.

Ezekiel · 2
  1. Ezekiel 27:5 בְּרוֹשִׁ֤ים fir trees

    They constructed all your planking with cypress from Senir. They took a cedar from Lebanon to make a mast for you.

  2. Ezekiel 31:8 בְּרוֹשִׁ֗ים fir trees

    The cedars in the garden of God could not rival it; the cypresses could not compare with its branches, nor the plane trees match its boughs. No tree in the garden of God could compare with its beauty.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 14:8 כִּבְר֣וֹשׁ [am] like a cypress tree

    O Ephraim, what have I to do anymore with idols? It is I who answer and watch over him. I am like a flourishing cypress; your fruit comes from Me.

    Here: 'Like a cypress/juniper': a tall evergreen conifer of the Lebanon range. Its timber was prized for the temple (1 Kings 5:8–10). This is the only place in the Hebrew Bible where God compares himself to a tree.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 2:3 וְהַבְּרֹשִׁ֖ים and the cypresses

    The shields of his mighty men are red; the valiant warriors are dressed in scarlet. The fittings of the chariots flash like fire on the day they are prepared, and the spears of cypress have been brandished.

    Here: 'And the cypresses.' Most likely a figure of speech for spears with shafts of cypress or juniper wood, named after what they are made of, much as English says 'steel' for a sword.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 11:2 בְּרוֹשׁ֙ O cypress

    Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen; the majestic trees are ruined! Wail, O oaks of Bashan, for the dense forest has been cut down!

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.