Hebrew word · H1280
בְּרִיחַ
beriach
bar
bǝrîaḥ is a bar or bolt, the beam laid across a gate to lock it (Deut 3:5; Judg 16:3; Neh 3:3). barzel is iron. Together: "iron crossbars", the locking mechanism.
Appears 40 times in 36 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) bar
1a) of wood
1b) of city gates
2) of tribulation, a fortress, of the earth as a prison (fig.)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
bǝrîaḥ is a bar or bolt, the beam laid across a gate to lock it (Deut 3:5; Judg 16:3; Neh 3:3). barzel is iron. Together: "iron crossbars", the locking mechanism.
- Against the English
"Bars of iron" is the reading in almost every English version, and it is accurate. A modern reader may picture prison bars, but these are gate bolts.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Deuteronomy 3:5 describes fortified cities "with high walls, gates and bars". In Judges 16:3 Samson carries off Gaza's gate "with the bar". Psalm 107:16 has the exact pair "bars of iron" with "doors of bronze".
From the study of Proverbs 18:19
- Range of meaning
bᵉrîaḥ: the crossbar that locks a gate, of wood or of bronze and iron in strong cities (1 Kgs 4:13; Isa 45:2). ʾarmôn: a citadel, fortified palace, the stronghold of a king or the elite within a city.
- Against the English
KJV's 'castle' brings medieval Europe to mind, but the idea of a fortified stronghold is right. NIV's 'barred gates of a citadel' spells out what the bar actually does.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Deut 3:5 ('cities fortified with high walls, gates and bars'); Judg 16:3 (Samson carries off the gate of Gaza, bar and all); Amos repeatedly threatens fire on the ʾarmᵉnôt, the citadels, of nations (Amos 1:4, 7, 10). A broken bar was the image of a captured city (Jer 51:30; Lam 2:9).
From the study of Psalm 147:13
- Range of meaning
A bar or crossbar. Used for the bolts of city gates (Deut 3:5; 1 Kgs 4:13, 'bronze bars'; Neh 3:3–15), for the crossbars of the tabernacle frames (Exod 26:26–29), and in poetry for the 'bars' of the sea or of the underworld (Job 38:10; Jonah 2:6).
- Against the English
Modern readers often picture prison or window bars. The Hebrew word means the single heavy beam that locked a gate's doors from inside.
- How it drifted
In everyday English 'bars' means rows of vertical rods on prisons, cages and windows. Ancient gate technology is unfamiliar to most readers.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Broken bars stand for a conquered city: Lamentations 2:9 says of Zion, 'He has destroyed and broken her bars'. The same image is used of Babylon in Jeremiah 51:30 and of Damascus in Amos 1:5. In Isaiah 45:2 God promises Cyrus, 'I will cut through bars of iron.' Nehemiah 3 repeatedly records the setting up of 'its doors, its bolts and its bars'.
Where it appears
Exodus · 15
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Exodus 26:26 בְרִיחִ֖ם bars
You are also to make five crossbars of acacia wood for the frames on one side of the tabernacle,
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Exodus 26:27 בְרִיחִ֔ם בְרִיחִ֗ם bars
five for those on the other side, and five for those on the rear side of the tabernacle, to the west.
Here: Long horizontal poles of gold-covered acacia wood (26:26, 29) slid through gold rings on the outside of the frames. They locked a row of upright frames together into one rigid wall.
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Exodus 26:28 וְהַבְּרִ֥יחַ and the bar
The central crossbar in the middle of the frames shall extend from one end to the other.
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Exodus 26:29 לַבְּרִיחִ֑ם הַבְּרִיחִ֖ם for the bars, the bars
Overlay the frames with gold and make gold rings to hold the crossbars. Also overlay the crossbars with gold.
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Exodus 35:11 בְּרִיחָ֕יו bars its
the tabernacle with its tent and covering, its clasps and frames, its crossbars, posts, and bases;
Here: Horizontal acacia bars overlaid with gold. There were five for each wall, and the middle one ran the full length (26:26–28). They locked the frames together into rigid walls. Elsewhere the same word is the bar that bolts a city gate.
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Exodus 36:31 בְּרִיחֵ֖י bars of
He also made five crossbars of acacia wood for the frames on one side of the tabernacle,
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Exodus 36:32 בְרִיחִ֔ם בְרִיחִם֙ bars
five for those on the other side, and five for those on the rear side of the tabernacle, to the west.
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Exodus 36:33 הַבְּרִ֣יחַ the bar
He made the central crossbar to run through the center of the frames, from one end to the other.
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Exodus 36:34 לַבְּרִיחִ֑ם הַבְּרִיחִ֖ם for the bars, the bars
And he overlaid the frames with gold and made gold rings to hold the crossbars. He also overlaid the crossbars with gold.
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Exodus 39:33 בְּרִיחָ֖יו bars its
Then they brought the tabernacle to Moses: the tent with all its furnishings, its clasps, its frames, its crossbars, and its posts and bases;
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Exodus 40:18 בְּרִיחָ֑יו bars its
When Moses set up the tabernacle, he laid its bases, positioned its frames, inserted its crossbars, and set up its posts.
Numbers · 2
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Numbers 3:36 וּבְרִיחָ֖יו and bars its
The duties assigned to the sons of Merari were the tabernacle’s frames, crossbars, posts, bases, and all its equipment—all the service for these items,
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Numbers 4:31 וּבְרִיחָ֖יו and bars its
This is the duty for all their service at the Tent of Meeting: to carry the frames of the tabernacle with its crossbars, posts, and bases,
Deuteronomy · 1
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Deuteronomy 3:5 וּבְרִ֑יחַ and bar[s]
All these cities were fortified with high walls and gates and bars, and there were many more unwalled villages.
Judges · 1
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Judges 16:3 הַבְּרִ֔יחַ the bar
But Samson lay there only until midnight, when he got up, took hold of the doors of the city gate and both gateposts, and pulled them out, bar and all. Then he put them on his shoulders and took them to the top of the mountain overlooking Hebron.
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 23:7 וּבְרִֽיחַ׃ and bar[s]
When Saul was told that David had gone to Keilah, he said, “God has delivered him into my hand, for he has trapped himself by entering a town with gates and bars.”
1 Kings · 1
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1 Kings 4:13 וּבְרִ֥יחַ and bar[s] of
Ben-geber in Ramoth-gilead (the villages of Jair son of Manasseh in Gilead belonged to him, as well as the region of Argob in Bashan with its sixty great cities with walls and bronze bars);
2 Chronicles · 2
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2 Chronicles 8:5 וּבְרִֽיחַ׃ and bar[s]
He rebuilt Upper and Lower Beth-horon as fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars,
Here: The beam dropped into brackets across the closed gate leaves to lock them. The Hebrew is singular, used as a set phrase ('door-and-bar'). English versions rightly make it plural.
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2 Chronicles 14:7 וּבְרִיחִים֒ and bars
So he said to the people of Judah, “Let us build these cities and surround them with walls and towers, with doors and bars. The land is still ours because we have sought the LORD our God. We have sought Him, and He has given us rest on every side.” So they built and prospered.
Nehemiah · 5
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Nehemiah 3:3 וּבְרִיחָֽיו׃ ס and bars its
The Fish Gate was rebuilt by the sons of Hassenaah. They laid its beams and installed its doors, bolts, and bars.
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Nehemiah 3:6 וּבְרִיחָֽיו׃ ס and bars its
The Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah. They laid its beams and installed its doors, bolts, and bars.
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Nehemiah 3:13 וּבְרִיחָ֑יו and bars its
The Valley Gate was repaired by Hanun and the residents of Zanoah. They rebuilt it, installed its doors, bolts, and bars, and repaired a thousand cubits of the wall as far as the Dung Gate.
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Nehemiah 3:14 וּבְרִיחָֽיו׃ ס and bars its
The Dung Gate was repaired by Malchijah son of Rechab, ruler of the district of Beth-haccherem. He rebuilt it and installed its doors, bolts, and bars.
Here: 'And its bars': heavy beams laid across the closed doors and set into sockets in the gateposts. They were the gate's main defence against a battering ram.
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Nehemiah 3:15 וּבְרִיחָ֑יו and bars its
The Fountain Gate was repaired by Shallun son of Col-hozeh, ruler of the district of Mizpah. He rebuilt it, roofed it, and installed its doors, bolts, and bars. He also repaired the wall of the Pool of Shelah near the king’s garden, as far as the stairs that descend from the City of David.
Job · 1
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Job 38:10 בְּרִ֣יחַ a bar
when I fixed its boundaries and set in place its bars and doors,
Psalms · 2
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Psalm 107:16 וּבְרִיחֵ֖י and bars of
For He has broken down the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron.
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Psalm 147:13 בְּרִיחֵ֣י [the] bars of
For He strengthens the bars of your gates and blesses the children within you.
Here: The heavy beam, often wood plated with bronze or iron, that was slid across the inside of a city gate's two doors to lock it shut. These are not prison bars. They are the city's lock against attackers.
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 18:19 כִּבְרִ֥יחַ [are] like [the] bar of
An offended brother is harder to win than a fortified city, and disputes are like the bars of a castle.
Here: The heavy crossbar of wood or metal that slid into brackets across a city or fortress gate to lock it shut (Deut 3:5; Judg 16:3). Quarrels are not just walls. They are the bolt that has actually been shot home.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 45:2 וּבְרִיחֵ֥י and bars of
“I will go before you and level the mountains; I will break down the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron.
Here: Heavy beams laid across the inside of a closed gate and dropped into sockets to lock it. Once the bars are cut, the gate cannot be held shut.
Jeremiah · 2
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Jeremiah 49:31 בְרִ֛יחַ a bar
Rise up, advance against a nation at ease, one that dwells securely,” declares the LORD. “They have no gates or bars; they live alone.
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Jeremiah 51:30 בְרִיחֶֽיהָ׃ bars its
The warriors of Babylon have stopped fighting; they sit in their strongholds. Their strength is exhausted; they have become like women. Babylon’s homes have been set ablaze, the bars of her gates are broken.
Here: 'Her bars': the heavy beams slid across city gates to lock them. Broken bars mean open gates, so the city lies open to whoever walks in.
Lamentations · 1
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Lamentations 2:9 בְּרִיחֶ֑יהָ bars its
Her gates have sunk into the ground; He has destroyed and shattered their bars. Her king and her princes are exiled among the nations, the law is no more, and even her prophets find no vision from the LORD.
Here: "Her bars." The heavy wooden or metal crossbeams that held city gates shut (Deut 3:5; Judg 16:3; Neh 3:3). With the bars smashed, nothing can lock the city. The Hebrew says "her" bars, the city's, though BSB has "their".
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 38:11 וּבְרִ֥יחַ and bar[s]
You will say, ‘I will go up against a land of unwalled villages; I will come against a quiet people who dwell securely, all of them living without walls or bars or gates—
Amos · 1
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Amos 1:5 בְּרִ֣יחַ [the] bar of
I will break down the gates of Damascus; I will cut off the ruler from the Valley of Aven and the one who wields the scepter in Beth-eden. The people of Aram will be exiled to Kir,” says the LORD.
Here: The heavy wooden or bronze crossbeam set in sockets behind a city gate to lock it shut. Break it and the city has no defence left.
Jonah · 1
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Jonah 2:6 בְּרִחֶ֥יהָ bars its
To the roots of the mountains I descended; the earth beneath me barred me in forever! But You raised my life from the pit, O LORD my God!
Here: 'Her bars'. These are the wooden or metal beams that bolted a city gate shut. The underworld is pictured as a walled city or prison, and its gates have been barred.
Nahum · 1
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Nahum 3:13 בְּרִיחָֽיִך׃ bars your
Look at your troops—they are like your women! The gates of your land are wide open to your enemies; fire consumes their bars.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.