Hebrew word · H1310
בָּשַׁל
vashal
to boil
In the basic form, to ripen or be cooked. In the form used here, to cook, boil, or stew. It can even cover roasting: 2 Chr 35:13 says 'they cooked (biššelû) the Passover in fire', and Deut 16:7 uses the verb for preparing the Passover, which Exod 12:9 says must be roasted.
Appears 28 times in 24 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) to boil, cook, bake, roast, ripen, grow ripe
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to boil, cook
1a2) to grow ripe, ripen
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to boil
1b2) to cook
1c) (Pual)
1c1) to be boiled
1c2) to be sodden
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to ripen
1d2) ripen, brought to ripeness
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Exodus 34:26
- Range of meaning
In the basic form, to ripen or be cooked. In the form used here, to cook, boil, or stew. It can even cover roasting: 2 Chr 35:13 says 'they cooked (biššelû) the Passover in fire', and Deut 16:7 uses the verb for preparing the Passover, which Exod 12:9 says must be roasted.
- Against the English
KJV's 'seethe' and the WEB/ESV/NASB 'boil' narrow the word to boiling in water. BSB and NIV have 'cook', which is broader and closer to the verb's general sense. With milk as the liquid the dish would be stewed or boiled in any case, so the difference is small.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Used for priests cooking sacrificial meat (Lev 8:31; 1 Sam 2:13–15; Ezek 46:20, 24) and for ordinary cooking (2 Kgs 4:38; 6:29).
From the study of Exodus 23:19
- Range of meaning
In the simple stem, to ripen or boil (of grain, Joel 3:13). In the intensive stem used here, to cook, usually by boiling or stewing (Exod 16:23; 1 Sam 2:13–15; Ezek 46:20, 24). It can be used of cooking in general, even 'cooking with fire' for the roasted Passover (2 Chr 35:13).
- Against the English
KJV's 'seethe' meant 'boil' in 1611. Today it suggests rage. 'Cook' (BSB, NIV) and 'boil' (ESV, NASB, WEB, YLT) are both sound.
- How it drifted
'Seethe' kept only its figurative sense in modern English (bubbling with anger).
- Used elsewhere in the period
The verb is used throughout the Hebrew Bible for preparing sacrificial and festive meat, including priests boiling their share at Shiloh (1 Sam 2:13–15).
From the study of Exodus 16:23
- Range of meaning
In this form: “to cook, boil.” Most often boiling in water (meat in pots, 1 Sam 2:13–15), but it can mean cooking more broadly (2 Chr 35:13, the Passover “cooked” over fire, i.e. roasted).
- Against the English
BSB, WEB and modern versions have “boil.” KJV “seethe” is the older English word for boiling, which most readers now hear as “fume with anger.”
- How it drifted
“Seethe” has narrowed in modern English to the figurative “be inwardly furious.”
- Used elsewhere in the period
Numbers 11:8 describes how manna was prepared: ground in mills or pounded in mortars, “boiled in pots,” and made into cakes, matching the bake/boil pair here.
Where it appears
Genesis · 1
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Genesis 40:10 הִבְשִׁ֥ילוּ they ripened
and on the vine were three branches. As it budded, its blossoms opened and its clusters ripened into grapes.
Exodus · 6
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Exodus 12:9 מְבֻשָּׁ֖ל being boiled
Do not eat any of the meat raw or cooked in boiling water, but only roasted over the fire—its head and legs and inner parts.
Here: A participle from the same root right after the adjective ("boiled, being boiled"). The repetition is emphatic: "boiled in any way at all". KJV, WEB, YLT and NASB catch it with "at all".
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Exodus 16:23 תְּבַשְּׁלוּ֙ בַּשֵּׁ֔לוּ you will boil, boil
He told them, “This is what the LORD has said: ‘Tomorrow is to be a day of complete rest, a holy Sabbath to the LORD. So bake what you want to bake, and boil what you want to boil. Then set aside whatever remains and keep it until morning.’”
Here: Cooking, usually by boiling in a pot. Numbers 11:8 says they “boiled it in pots.” Baking and boiling together cover the two ways manna was prepared.
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Exodus 23:19 תְבַשֵּׁ֥ל you must boil
Bring the best of the firstfruits of your soil to the house of the LORD your God. You must not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.
Here: To cook food, usually by boiling or stewing in liquid; the same verb is used for preparing sacrificial meat (1 Sam 2:13–15). Here it pictures meat simmered in milk.
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Exodus 29:31 וּבִשַּׁלְתָּ֥ and you will boil
You are to take the ram of ordination and boil its flesh in a holy place.
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Exodus 34:26 תְבַשֵּׁ֥ל you will boil
Bring the best of the firstfruits of your soil to the house of the LORD your God. You must not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.”
Here: In this form the verb means to cook food in general. Cooking in a liquid like milk would mean stewing or boiling. The ban concerns how a festive dish is prepared.
Leviticus · 3
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Leviticus 6:28 תְּבֻשַּׁל־ בֻּשָּׁ֔לָה it will be boiled, it was boiled
The clay pot in which the sin offering is boiled must be broken; if it is boiled in a bronze pot, the pot must be scoured and rinsed with water.
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Leviticus 8:31 בַּשְּׁל֣וּ boil
And Moses said to Aaron and his sons, “Boil the meat at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting and eat it there with the bread that is in the basket of ordination offerings, as I commanded, saying, ‘Aaron and his sons are to eat it.’
Numbers · 1
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Numbers 11:8 וּבִשְּׁלוּ֙ and they boiled
The people walked around and gathered it, ground it on a handmill or crushed it in a mortar, then boiled it in a cooking pot or shaped it into cakes. It tasted like pastry baked with fine oil.
Deuteronomy · 2
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Deuteronomy 14:21 תְבַשֵּׁ֥ל you will boil
You are not to eat any carcass; you may give it to the foreigner residing within your gates, and he may eat it, or you may sell it to a foreigner. For you are a holy people belonging to the LORD your God. You must not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.
Here: 'You shall boil/cook.' The verb is in an intensive form that means cooking in liquid, the usual way meat was prepared for a meal or a sacrificial feast. The ban is on the cooking itself. Eating is not mentioned.
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Deuteronomy 16:7 וּבִשַּׁלְתָּ֙ and you will cook [it]
And you shall roast it and eat it in the place the LORD your God will choose, and in the morning you shall return to your tents.
1 Samuel · 2
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1 Samuel 2:13 כְּבַשֵּׁ֣ל when boiled
or for the custom of the priests with the people. When any man offered a sacrifice, the servant of the priest would come with a three-pronged meat fork while the meat was boiling
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1 Samuel 2:15 מְבֻשָּׁ֖ל boiled
Even before the fat was burned, the servant of the priest would come and say to the man who was sacrificing, “Give the priest some meat to roast, because he will not accept boiled meat from you, but only raw.”
2 Samuel · 1
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2 Samuel 13:8 וַתְּבַשֵּׁ֖ל and she cooked
So Tamar went to the house of her brother Amnon, who was lying down. She took some dough, kneaded it, made cakes in his sight, and baked them.
1 Kings · 1
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1 Kings 19:21 בִּשְּׁלָ֣ם he cooked them
So Elisha turned back from him, took his pair of oxen, and slaughtered them. Using the oxen’s equipment for fuel, he cooked the meat and gave it to the people, and they ate. Then he set out to follow and serve Elijah.
2 Kings · 2
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2 Kings 4:38 וּבַשֵּׁ֥ל and cook
When Elisha returned to Gilgal, there was a famine in the land. As the sons of the prophets were sitting at his feet, he said to his attendant, “Put on the large pot and boil some stew for the sons of the prophets.”
Here: A command: 'and cook'. The word usually means cooking in water (boiling or stewing) rather than roasting.
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2 Kings 6:29 וַנְּבַשֵּׁ֥ל and we cooked
So we boiled my son and ate him, and the next day I said to her, ‘Give up your son, that we may eat him.’ But she had hidden her son.”
2 Chronicles · 2
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2 Chronicles 35:13 וַֽיְבַשְּׁל֥וּ בִּשְּׁל֗וּ and they cooked, they boiled
They roasted the Passover animals on the fire according to the regulation, and they boiled the other holy offerings in pots, kettles, and bowls and quickly brought them to all the people.
Here: The ordinary Hebrew word for cooking, often meaning boiling. Here it is qualified by 'in the fire', so it plainly means roasting. This is the same verb the next clause uses for boiling in pots, and the repetition is deliberate.
Lamentations · 1
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Lamentations 4:10 בִּשְּׁל֖וּ they have boiled
The hands of compassionate women have cooked their own children, who became their food in the destruction of the daughter of my people.
Here: A completed action: 'they boiled.' The form is the ordinary verb for cooking meat in a pot, used of sacrificial and festival meat. It is the same verb the Samarian mother uses in an earlier siege: 'we boiled my son and ate him' (2 Kings 6:29).
Ezekiel · 4
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Ezekiel 24:5 בָּשְׁל֥וּ they have cooked
Take the choicest of the flock and pile the fuel beneath it. Bring it to a boil and cook the bones in it.’
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Ezekiel 46:20 יְבַשְּׁלוּ־ they will boil
and said to me, “This is the place where the priests shall boil the guilt offering and the sin offering, and where they shall bake the grain offering, so that they do not bring them into the outer court and transmit holiness to the people.”
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Ezekiel 46:24 הַֽמְבַשְּׁלִ֔ים יְבַשְּׁלוּ־ those [who] boil, they will boil
And he said to me, “These are the kitchens where those who minister at the temple will cook the sacrifices offered by the people.”
Joel · 1
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Joel 3:13 בָשַׁ֖ל it has grown ripe
Swing the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Come, trample the grapes, for the winepress is full; the wine vats overflow because their wickedness is great.
Here: 'Has ripened.' The same root means 'to cook' or 'boil', so the picture is of a crop 'cooked' to readiness by the summer sun. The perfect tense presents ripeness as already reached: the moment is now.
Zechariah · 1
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Zechariah 14:21 וּבִשְּׁל֣וּ and they will boil
Indeed, every pot in Jerusalem and Judah will be holy to the LORD of Hosts, and all who sacrifice will come and take some pots and cook in them. And on that day there will no longer be a Canaanite in the house of the LORD of Hosts.
Here: The usual word for boiling sacrificial meat (Exod 29:31; Lev 8:31; Deut 16:7). The word itself tells you this is cooking for a sacrificial meal.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.