Hebrew word · H1494
גָּזַז
gozez
to shear
To shear sheep, or to cut hair (Job 1:20; Mic 1:16). Shearing was a large, once-a-year operation, normally in spring.
Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) to shear, mow
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to shear
1a2) shearer (participle)
1b) (Niphal) to be cut off, be destroyed
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Genesis 31:19
- Range of meaning
To shear sheep, or to cut hair (Job 1:20; Mic 1:16). Shearing was a large, once-a-year operation, normally in spring.
- Against the English
English "shearing his sheep" sounds like a routine farm chore. In Israelite storytelling, shearing-time was a busy festival held away from home, so it reliably signals "the owner is gone and distracted".
- Used elsewhere in the period
Judah goes up to his shearers at Timnah and is tricked by Tamar (Gen 38:12–13). Nabal holds a feast "like a king's feast" at shearing (1 Sam 25:2–11, 36). Absalom invites the princes to his shearing festival to murder Amnon (2 Sam 13:23–28). Deuteronomy 15:19 forbids shearing the firstborn of the flock.
- Range of meaning
To shear or cut, chiefly of sheep (Gen 31:19; 38:12; 1 Sam 25:2, 4), and of cutting hair. As a mourning rite: 'Cut off (gōzzî) your hair and throw it away' (Jer 7:29), 'Make yourself bald and shear yourself (gōzzî) for the children of your delight' (Mic 1:16).
- Against the English
'Shaved' is accurate in effect. The Hebrew verb is the shearing word, the same act done to a flock, which is a stark image for a man whose flocks had just been wiped out (1:16).
- Used elsewhere in the period
Shaving or cutting the hair for the dead appears throughout the prophets (Isa 15:2; 22:12; Jer 16:6; 41:5; Ezek 7:18; Amos 8:10). Deut 14:1 forbids Israelites to make 'baldness between your eyes for the dead', and Lev 21:5 restricts priests, which shows the practice was widespread. Job, however, lives in Uz, outside Israel, in a patriarchal-style setting, and the story does not treat his act as a fault.
From the study of 1 Samuel 25:2
- Range of meaning
'To shear' sheep, and also to cut or clip hair (Job 1:20; Micah 1:16). Its noun form gez means 'fleece' or 'mown grass'.
- Against the English
Translations say 'he was shearing', which suggests a farm chore. The Hebrew phrase marks a season, the shearing, which in Israel was a festival.
- How it drifted
Modern readers think of shearing as routine farm work and miss its social weight as a time of feasting, celebration and expected generosity.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Judah goes up to his sheepshearers at Timnah, and the occasion is festive (Genesis 38:12–13). Absalom holds a sheepshearing feast at Baal-hazor, invites the king's sons, and kills Amnon there (2 Samuel 13:23–29). Laban is away shearing when Jacob flees (Genesis 31:19). In this chapter Nabal's shearing becomes 'a feast like the feast of a king' (v. 36), and David's men call it 'a good day' (v. 8).
Where it appears
Genesis · 3
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Genesis 31:19 לִגְזֹ֖ז to shear
Now while Laban was out shearing his sheep, Rachel stole her father’s household idols.
Here: An infinitive of purpose: he had gone in order to shear. Shearing was a seasonal event that took an owner away from home, often to distant pastures, and it was usually a time of feasting.
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Genesis 38:12 גֹּֽזֲזֵ֤י [the] shearers of
After a long time Judah’s wife, the daughter of Shua, died. When Judah had finished mourning, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite went up to his sheepshearers at Timnah.
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Genesis 38:13 לָגֹ֥ז to shear
When Tamar was told, “Your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep,”
Deuteronomy · 1
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Deuteronomy 15:19 תָגֹ֖ז you will shear
You must set apart to the LORD your God every firstborn male produced by your herds and flocks. You are not to put the firstborn of your oxen to work, nor are you to shear the firstborn of your flock.
Here: To clip the fleece for wool (or goat hair). Shearing was the flock's main source of income, so this bans making money from the holy animal while it is alive.
1 Samuel · 4
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1 Samuel 25:2 בִּגְזֹ֥ז when sheared
Now there was a man in Maon whose business was in Carmel. He was a very wealthy man with a thousand goats and three thousand sheep, which he was shearing in Carmel.
Here: 'In (the time of) shearing'. The verb form has no stated subject, so it marks the season (shearing time) rather than a man personally holding the shears. That season was a festival of plenty, and the story depends on it.
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1 Samuel 25:4 גֹזֵ֥ז [was] shearing
While David was in the wilderness, he heard that Nabal was shearing sheep.
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1 Samuel 25:7 גֹזְזִ֖ים shearers
Now I hear that it is time for shearing. When your shepherds were with us, we did not harass them, and nothing of theirs was missing the whole time they were in Carmel.
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1 Samuel 25:11 לְגֹֽזְזָ֑י for shearers my
Why should I take my bread and water and the meat I have slaughtered for my shearers, and give them to these men whose origin I do not know?”
2 Samuel · 2
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2 Samuel 13:23 גֹֽזְזִים֙ shearers
Two years later, when Absalom’s sheepshearers were at Baal-hazor near Ephraim, he invited all the sons of the king.
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2 Samuel 13:24 גֹזְזִ֖ים shearers
And he went to the king and said, “Your servant has just hired shearers. Will the king and his servants please come with me?”
Here: A participle (a verb form used like a noun or an “-ing” word): “shearers,” men at work cutting fleece. Everyone knew what shearing season meant: a harvest feast with plenty of food and wine.
Job · 1
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Job 1:20 וַיָּ֖גָז and he shaved
Then Job stood up, tore his robe, and shaved his head. He fell to the ground and worshiped,
Here: This is the ordinary word for shearing sheep, used here for cutting off the hair of the head. Shaving the head was a common mourning rite, especially for the dead (Jer 7:29; Mic 1:16). It answers the last and worst report, the death of his children.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 53:7 גֹזְזֶ֖יהָ shearers its
He was oppressed and afflicted, yet He did not open His mouth. He was led like a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is silent, so He did not open His mouth.
Here: A participle used as a noun: 'those shearing her'. The plural pictures several men working on one animal.
Jeremiah · 1
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Jeremiah 7:29 גָּזִּ֤י cut off
Cut off your hair and throw it away. Raise up a lamentation on the barren heights, for the LORD has rejected and forsaken the generation of His wrath.’
Micah · 1
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Micah 1:16 וָגֹ֔זִּי and shear
Shave yourselves bald and cut off your hair in mourning for your precious children; make yourselves as bald as an eagle, for they will go from you into exile.
Nahum · 1
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Nahum 1:12 נָגֹ֖זּוּ they will be cut down
This is what the LORD says: “Though they are allied and numerous, yet they will be cut down and pass away. Though I have afflicted you, O Judah, I will afflict you no longer.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.