גַּל

Genesis 31:46 גָ֑ל הַגָּֽל׃ a heap, the heap

and he said to his relatives, “Gather some stones.” So they took stones and made a mound, and there by the mound they ate.

Genesis 31:48 הַגַּ֨ל the heap

Then Laban declared, “This mound is a witness between you and me this day.” Therefore the place was called Galeed.

Genesis 31:51 הַגַּ֣ל the heap

Laban also said to Jacob, “Here is the mound, and here is the pillar I have set up between you and me.

Genesis 31:52 הַגַּ֣ל הַגַּ֣ל הַגַּ֥ל the heap

This mound is a witness, and this pillar is a witness, that I will not go past this mound to harm you, and you will not go past this mound and pillar to harm me.

Joshua 7:26 גַּל־ a heap of

And they heaped over Achan a large pile of rocks that remains to this day. So the LORD turned from His burning anger. Therefore that place is called the Valley of Achor to this day.

Here: A deliberately built pile of stones, a cairn. Here it marks a disgraced grave rather than an honoured tomb, the same thing done to the king of Ai (8:29) and later to Absalom (2 Sam 18:17).

Joshua 8:29 גַּל־ a heap of

He hung the king of Ai on a tree until evening, and at sunset Joshua commanded that they take down the body from the tree and throw it down at the entrance of the city gate. And over it they raised a large pile of rocks, which remains to this day.

Here: A 'heap' or cairn. It echoes Ai, 'the ruin-heap'. The same phrase was used of Achan's grave in 7:26.

2 Samuel 18:17 גַּל־ a heap of

They took Absalom, cast him into a large pit in the forest, and piled a huge mound of stones over him. Meanwhile, all the Israelites fled, each to his home.

2 Kings 19:25 גַּלִּ֥ים heaps

Have you not heard? Long ago I ordained it; in days of old I planned it. Now I have brought it to pass, that you should crush fortified cities into piles of rubble.

Job 8:17 גַּ֭ל a heap

His roots wrap around the rock heap; he looks for a home among the stones.

Job 15:28 לְגַלִּֽים׃ for heaps of stones

he will dwell in ruined cities, in abandoned houses destined to become rubble.

Job 38:11 גַּלֶּֽיךָ׃ waves your

and I declared: ‘You may come this far, but no farther; here your proud waves must stop’?

Here: Plural 'waves', from a root meaning 'to roll'. The same noun also means a 'heap' of stones. 'Your' keeps speaking to the sea as a person.

Psalm 42:7 וְ֝גַלֶּ֗יךָ and waves your

Deep calls to deep in the roar of Your waterfalls; all Your breakers and waves have rolled over me.

Here: 'And your waves': rolling swells, from a root meaning 'to roll' or 'heap up'. Paired with mishbar to give the whole sea's motion, the swell and the smash.

Psalm 65:7 גַּלֵּיהֶ֗ם waves their

You stilled the roaring of the seas, the pounding of their waves, and the tumult of the nations.

Here: 'Their waves'. The basic sense of gal is a heap or mound, so these are water piled up into ridges. The suffix 'their' points back to the seas.

Psalm 89:9 גַ֝לָּ֗יו waves its

You rule the raging sea; when its waves mount up, You still them.

Here: 'Its waves' or 'its billows'. The waves belong to the Sea, like the troops of a rebellious ruler. The same root is used for a heap of stones, which suggests waves piled up high.

Psalm 107:25 גַּלָּֽיו׃ waves its

For He spoke and raised a tempest that lifted the waves of the sea.

Here: "Its waves" (or "his waves"). The word for wave is the same as the word for a heap or mound of stones, so it pictures water piled up in rolling heaps. Grammatically the "its" most naturally points back to "the sea" in verse 23.

Psalm 107:29 גַּלֵּיהֶֽם׃ waves their

He calmed the storm to a whisper, and the waves of the sea were hushed.

Here: 'Their waves.' These are the same waves the storm 'lifted high' in v. 25 (gallāyw). 'Their' most naturally points to the 'great waters' of v. 23 (plural in Hebrew), or else to the waves that were tormenting the sailors. The word comes last in the line, so the waves are the last thing to fall silent.

Song of Songs 4:12 גַּ֥ל a spring

My sister, my bride, you are a garden locked up, a spring enclosed, a fountain sealed.

Here: Normally "heap (of stones)" or "wave". Here it most likely means a pool or basin of water, related to gullot mayim, "basins of water", in Joshua 15:19. Ancient translations read gan, "garden", instead. Either way, the line moves from garden to its water source.

Isaiah 25:2 לַגָּ֔ל into <the> heap

Indeed, You have made the city a heap of rubble, the fortified town a ruin. The fortress of strangers is a city no more; it will never be rebuilt.

Isaiah 37:26 גַּלִּ֥ים heaps

Have you not heard? Long ago I ordained it; in days of old I planned it. Now I have brought it to pass, that you should crush fortified cities into piles of rubble.

Here: 'Heaps.' A gal is a mound or pile of stones, like the rubble of a city that has been pulled down. It is the result the cities are turned into.

Isaiah 48:18 כְּגַלֵּ֥י like [the] waves of

If only you had paid attention to My commandments, your peace would have been like a river, and your righteousness like waves of the sea.

Here: 'Like the waves of.' The image is waves that never stop coming, one after another, with great power and in endless supply.

Isaiah 51:15 גַּלָּ֑יו waves its

For I am the LORD your God who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar—the LORD of Hosts is His name.

Here: Literally 'heaps' or 'rollers', the piled-up breakers of the sea. Elsewhere the same word describes the waves that go over the drowning Jonah (Jonah 2:3).

Jeremiah 5:22 גַלָּ֖יו waves its

Do you not fear Me?” declares the LORD. “Do you not tremble before Me, the One who set the sand as the boundary for the sea, an enduring barrier it cannot cross? The waves surge, but they cannot prevail. They roar but cannot cross it.

Here: "Its waves": the rolling heaps of water, named only here. This explains the plural verbs before it.

Jeremiah 9:11 לְגַלִּ֖ים into heaps of stones

“And I will make Jerusalem a heap of rubble, a haunt for jackals; and I will make the cities of Judah a desolation, without inhabitant.”

Here: 'Into heaps.' This means mounds of rubble where a city used to stand. The word is plural, so the picture is a field of tumbled stone piles.

Jeremiah 31:35 גַלָּ֔יו waves its

Thus says the LORD, who gives the sun for light by day, who sets in order the moon and stars for light by night, who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar—the LORD of Hosts is His name:

Here: 'Its waves.' The word comes from the idea of rolling heaps. It is the noisiest and most frightening part of nature listed here, and it too is under God's hand.

Jeremiah 51:37 לְגַלִּ֧ים׀ <into> heaps of stones

Babylon will become a heap of rubble, a haunt for jackals, an object of horror and scorn, without inhabitant.

Here: 'Into heaps': mounds of rubble where buildings once stood, like the ruin-mounds (tells) that dotted the ancient landscape. The plural points to a whole city collapsed into piles.

Jeremiah 51:42 גַּלָּ֖יו waves its

The sea has come up over Babylon; she is covered in turbulent waves.

Jeremiah 51:55 גַלֵּיהֶם֙ waves their

For the LORD will destroy Babylon; He will silence her mighty voice. The waves will roar like great waters; the tumult of their voices will resound.

Here: 'Their waves.' The suffix is masculine plural and most naturally points to the attackers, pictured as a sea breaking over the city (compare 51:42). It is not 'her' (Babylon's) waves.

Ezekiel 26:3 לְגַלָּֽיו׃ <to> waves its

therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, O Tyre, I am against you, and I will raise up many nations against you, as the sea brings up its waves.

Hosea 12:11 כְּגַלִּ֔ים [are] like heaps of stones

Is there iniquity in Gilead? They will surely come to nothing. Do they sacrifice bulls in Gilgal? Indeed, their altars will be heaps of stones in the furrows of the field.

Here: 'Like stone heaps', the piles farmers made from stones cleared out of their fields. This is the end of the wordplay: Gil-ead, Gil-gal, gallîm. The 'stone circle' shrine and the 'heap of witness' region end up as nothing but rock piles.

Jonah 2:3 וְגַלֶּ֖יךָ and waves your

For You cast me into the deep, into the heart of the seas, and the current swirled about me; all Your breakers and waves swept over me.

Here: 'And your waves.' The rolling, heaped-up swells. Paired with 'breakers,' it means waves of every kind. It is also God's possession.

Zechariah 10:11 גַּלִּ֔ים waves

They will pass through the sea of distress and strike the waves of the sea; all the depths of the Nile will dry up. The pride of Assyria will be brought down, and the scepter of Egypt will depart.

Here: These are the heaped-up, rolling waves. They are the visible threat of the sea, and here they are struck down.