Hebrew word · H2195

זַ֫עַם

za'am

indignation

Indignation, fury, wrath, especially as expressed in condemnation. The related verb zāʿam means to curse or denounce (Num 23:7–8; Prov 24:24; Mic 6:10). It is used almost entirely of God's wrath and is often paired with ʾap.

Appears 22 times in 22 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

anger, indignation

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 10:5

Range of meaning

Indignation, fury, wrath, especially as expressed in condemnation. The related verb zāʿam means to curse or denounce (Num 23:7–8; Prov 24:24; Mic 6:10). It is used almost entirely of God's wrath and is often paired with ʾap.

Against the English

KJV, WEB and NASB 'indignation' sound mild and polite to modern ears. ESV 'fury', NIV 'wrath', BSB 'wrath' are closer.

How it drifted

In 1611 'indignation' could carry strong anger. In current English it suggests offended irritation at being treated unfairly.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isa 26:20 and 30:27 ('his lips are full of zaʿam'); Daniel 8:19 and 11:36 use 'the indignation' almost as a technical term for the appointed period of divine wrath.

From the study of Isaiah 26:20

Range of meaning

Indignation, angry denunciation, or wrath expressed in judgment. The related verb zāʿam means 'to curse, denounce' (Numbers 23:7–8: Balaam asked to 'denounce' Israel). In the prophets the noun is almost always God's wrath put into action against nations or against a sinful Israel (Isaiah 10:5, 25; 30:27; Ezekiel 21:31; Nahum 1:6). In Daniel it becomes a term for a fixed period of judgment: 'until the indignation is completed' (Daniel 11:36; compare 8:19).

Against the English

KJV and WEB 'indignation'; BSB 'wrath'. Today 'indignation' suggests a person's feeling of being offended, as in 'righteous indignation'. Hebrew zaʿam is God's judgment actually carried out over a set time, not a passing mood.

How it drifted

In 1611 'indignation' (from Latin indignatio, the Vulgate's word here) was a strong word for wrath. Modern usage has weakened it into a feeling of personal offence.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isaiah 10:25 ('the indignation will come to an end') is the closest parallel within Isaiah. Daniel 8:19 and 11:36 use 'the indignation' for an appointed time of wrath, and later Jewish apocalyptic writings carry the idea forward. The Septuagint here translates it as orgē kyriou, 'the wrath of the Lord'.

From the study of Isaiah 30:27

Range of meaning

The noun means indignation, wrath, fury. The verb zāʿam means to denounce, curse, or be indignant. The word often describes anger expressed in speech or a formal verdict, more than an inner feeling.

Against the English

'Indignation' (KJV, WEB) can sound like hurt pride or offended feelings in modern English. BSB 'fury' catches the heat but not the verbal side. 'Denunciation' or 'curse-wrath' is closer when the word goes with 'lips'.

How it drifted

English 'indignation' has weakened over time to mean a feeling of offended disapproval. The Hebrew word is closer to an official act of condemning.

Used elsewhere in the period

In Num 23:7–8 Balaam is hired to 'denounce (zoʿămāh) Israel' and replies, 'how can I denounce whom YHWH has not denounced?' Isaiah uses the word for Assyria earlier: 'Assyria, rod of my anger… the staff in their hand is my zaʿam' (Isa 10:5). He also promises that 'my zaʿam will come to an end, and my anger will turn to their destruction' (Isa 10:25).

Where it appears

Psalms · 4
  1. Psalm 38:3 זַעְמֶ֑ךָ indignation your

    There is no soundness in my body because of Your anger; there is no rest in my bones because of my sin.

    Here: "Your indignation": God's angry displeasure, often expressed as a verdict or denunciation. The related verb means "to denounce" or "to curse". The psalmist feels God's sentence in his body.

  2. Psalm 69:24 זַעְמֶ֑ךָ indignation your

    Pour out Your wrath upon them, and let Your burning anger overtake them.

  3. Psalm 78:49 וָזַ֣עַם and indignation

    He unleashed His fury against them, wrath, indignation, and calamity—a band of destroying angels.

  4. Psalm 102:10 זַֽעַמְךָ֥ indignation your

    because of Your indignation and wrath, for You have picked me up and cast me aside.

    Here: "Your fury." It is a hot, open anger that speaks a sentence against someone, close to a curse. The related verb means "to denounce" or "to curse" (Num 23:7–8). Elsewhere it is the word for God's anger that sent Israel into exile (Zech 1:12; Lam 2:6).

Isaiah · 5
  1. Isaiah 10:5 זַעְמִֽי׃ indignation my

    Woe to Assyria, the rod of My anger; the staff in their hands is My wrath.

    Here: 'My fury', a hot word linked to the verb for cursing or denouncing (Num 23:7–8). It is the divine verdict of condemnation, and Assyria is the means by which it is carried out.

  2. Isaiah 10:25 זַ֔עַם indignation

    For in just a little while My fury against you will subside, and My anger will turn to their destruction.”

    Here: God's angry judgment, the very 'indignation' that verse 5 put in Assyria's hand as a club against Israel. That stretch of wrath against God's own people is what ends.

  3. Isaiah 13:5 זַעְמ֔וֹ indignation his

    They are coming from faraway lands, from the ends of the heavens—the LORD and the weapons of His wrath—to destroy the whole country.

  4. Isaiah 26:20 זָֽעַם׃ indignation

    Go, my people, enter your rooms and shut your doors behind you. Hide yourselves a little while until the wrath has passed.

    Here: God's declared wrath carried out as judgment. In Isaiah and Daniel it becomes almost a name for a set period of judgment: 'the indignation'. Verse 21 shows it is aimed at 'the inhabitants of the earth' for their bloodshed.

  5. Isaiah 30:27 זַ֔עַם indignation

    Behold, the Name of the LORD comes from afar, with burning anger and dense smoke. His lips are full of fury, and His tongue is like a consuming fire.

    Here: 'Denunciation' or 'wrath.' The related verb means 'to curse' or 'denounce', so this is wrath put into words: a verdict about to be spoken.

Jeremiah · 3
  1. Jeremiah 10:10 זַעְמֽוֹ׃ ס indignation his

    But the LORD is the true God; He is the living God and eternal King. The earth quakes at His wrath, and the nations cannot endure His indignation.

    Here: "His indignation": a spoken condemnation as well as a feeling. The related verb means "to denounce" or "to curse" (Num 23:7–8). It closes the verse as the second half of the pair with "wrath".

  2. Jeremiah 15:17 זַ֖עַם indignation

    I never sat with the band of revelers, nor did I celebrate with them. Because Your hand was on me, I sat alone, for You have filled me with indignation.

    Here: 'Indignation.' In the Hebrew Bible this is almost always God's fury against a people, closely tied to cursing and denouncing them (the verb means 'to curse, denounce' in Numbers 23:7–8). Here it is God's wrath against Judah, placed inside the prophet. It is not mainly his personal irritation.

  3. Jeremiah 50:25 זַעְמ֑וֹ indignation his

    The LORD has opened His armory and brought out His weapons of wrath, for this is the work of the Lord GOD of Hosts in the land of the Chaldeans.

    Here: "His indignation." This is God's settled, declared anger against a guilty nation, close to a sentence that has been passed. It is not a loss of temper. The weapons exist to carry that sentence out.

Lamentations · 1
  1. Lamentations 2:6 בְּזַֽעַם־ in [the] indignation of

    He has laid waste His tabernacle like a garden booth; He has destroyed His place of meeting. The LORD has made Zion forget her appointed feasts and Sabbaths. In His fierce anger He has despised both king and priest.

    Here: Hot indignation that is spoken aloud as condemnation. The related verb means 'denounce, curse' (Num 23:7–8).

Ezekiel · 3
  1. Ezekiel 21:31 זַעְמִ֔י indignation my

    I will pour out My anger upon you; I will breathe the fire of My fury against you; I will hand you over to brutal men, skilled in destruction.

  2. Ezekiel 22:24 זָֽעַם׃ indignation

    “Son of man, say to her, ‘In the day of indignation, you are a land that has not been cleansed, upon which no rain has fallen.’

  3. Ezekiel 22:31 זַעְמִ֔י indignation my

    So I have poured out My indignation upon them and consumed them with the fire of My fury. I have brought their ways down upon their own heads, declares the Lord GOD.”

Daniel · 2
  1. Daniel 8:19 הַזָּ֑עַם the indignation

    and said, “Behold, I will make known to you what will happen in the latter time of wrath, because it concerns the appointed time of the end.

    Here: "The indignation." The definite article points to a known, defined season of God's anger, which the prophets associate with foreign powers being allowed to oppress Israel (Isa 10:5, 25). The verb from the same root means "to denounce" or "to curse."

  2. Daniel 11:36 זַ֔עַם indignation

    Then the king will do as he pleases and will exalt and magnify himself above every god, and he will speak monstrous things against the God of gods. He will be successful until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been decreed must be accomplished.

    Here: God's fierce anger, here the set period of divine wrath (compare 8:19) during which the oppressor is allowed to prosper. The phrase 'until wrath is finished' echoes Isa 10:25.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 7:16 מִזַּ֣עַם from [the] indignation of

    They turn, but not to the Most High; they are like a faulty bow. Their leaders will fall by the sword for the cursing of their tongue; for this they will be ridiculed in the land of Egypt.

    Here: 'Because of the fury of.' The noun usually describes God's wrath. Here it describes the leaders' own angry, insolent or cursing speech, and their own words bring them down.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 1:6 זַעְמוֹ֙ indignation his

    Who can withstand His indignation? Who can endure His burning anger? His wrath is poured out like fire; even rocks are shattered before Him.

    Here: His outspoken, curse-laden hostility: a judge's or king's angry sentence spoken against a guilty party. This is the zayin word of the alphabetic poem in 1:2–8.

Habakkuk · 1
  1. Habakkuk 3:12 בְּזַ֖עַם in indignation

    You marched across the earth with fury; You threshed the nations in wrath.

    Here: 'In fury.' This is the hot anger of someone who has publicly condemned a wrongdoer, and the verb from the same root can mean 'to curse.' Placing it first in the line makes God's fury the setting for everything that follows.

Zephaniah · 1
  1. Zephaniah 3:8 זַעְמִי֙ indignation my

    Therefore wait for Me,” declares the LORD, “until the day I rise to testify. For My decision is to gather nations, to assemble kingdoms, to pour out upon them My indignation—all My burning anger. For all the earth will be consumed by the fire of My jealousy.

    Here: 'My indignation.' The word is close to 'curse': an angry sentence pronounced against someone, not just a feeling of being offended.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.