Hebrew word · H3259
יָעַד
'iva'ed
to appoint
Ya'ad means 'appoint, fix (a time or place)'. In the Niphal (meeting) form it means 'meet by appointment' (the root of mo'ed, 'appointed time/meeting'). In the Hiphil it means 'summon, arraign', that is, call someone to appear, especially in court.
Appears 29 times in 29 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) to fix, appoint, assemble, meet, set, betroth
1a)(Qal) to appoint, assign, designate
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to meet
1b2) to meet by appointment
1b3) to gather, assemble by appointment
1c) (Hiphil) to cause to meet
1d) (Hophal) to be set, be placed before, be fixed
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Jeremiah 49:19
- Range of meaning
Ya'ad means 'appoint, fix (a time or place)'. In the Niphal (meeting) form it means 'meet by appointment' (the root of mo'ed, 'appointed time/meeting'). In the Hiphil it means 'summon, arraign', that is, call someone to appear, especially in court.
- Against the English
KJV and WEB have 'who will appoint me the time?' (literal). BSB and NIV have 'who can challenge me?' NASB has 'who will summon Me into court?', which brings out the legal sense.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Job 9:19 has the identical form: 'if it is a matter of justice, mi yo'ideni, who will summon him/me?' The phrase was a known way of saying God cannot be called before any court.
- Range of meaning
Basic sense: to fix or appoint, especially a time or place for meeting. In the simple form it means to designate or appoint. The passive/reflexive form means to meet by arrangement or assemble; the 'tent of meeting' (ʾōhel môʿēd) comes from this root. The causative form used here means to summon someone to a fixed appointment, and in legal settings to arraign, that is, call someone into court to answer a charge (HALOT, BDB).
- Against the English
KJV's 'set me a time [to plead]' keeps the 'appointment' idea and the Hebrew 'me', but it has to add words. BSB and ESV 'summon', NIV 'challenge' and NLT 'summon him to court' all bring out the legal sense, but they change 'me' to 'him'. YLT's 'convene' is literal but stiff.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The exact phrase mî yôʿîdēnî, 'who will summon me?', appears again in Jeremiah 49:19 and 50:44. There God himself speaks: 'Who is like me? Who will summon me? What shepherd can stand before me?' It was evidently a set expression for a divine challenge that no court can call God to account. The same root runs through Israel's vocabulary of appointed meetings (môʿēd, 'appointed time or festival'; ʿēdāh, 'assembly').
From the study of Jeremiah 24:1
- Range of meaning
Yaʿad means 'to appoint, designate, fix (a time or place)', and in the reflexive form 'to meet by appointment'. Its passive causative participle (Hophal), used here, means 'set, placed, appointed'. It appears elsewhere only rarely (Ezek 21:16, Heb 21:21, is debated).
- Against the English
KJV/WEB 'set', BSB 'placed', YLT 'appointed'. 'Placed' and 'set' give the main sense. YLT's 'appointed' keeps the hint that someone has positioned the baskets deliberately and for a purpose.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The root lies behind moʿed, an 'appointed time' or festival, and ʾohel moʿed, the 'tent of meeting'. The Septuagint renders keimenous, 'lying, placed'. Some modern commentators propose emending to ʿomdim, 'standing', but there is no manuscript evidence for it.
Where it appears
Exodus · 7
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Exodus 21:8 יְעָדָ֖הּ he designated her
If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who had designated her for himself, he must allow her to be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, since he has broken faith with her.
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Exodus 21:9 יִֽיעָדֶ֑נָּה he will designate her
And if he chooses her for his son, he must deal with her as with a daughter.
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Exodus 25:22 וְנוֹעַדְתִּ֣י and I will meet
And I will meet with you there above the mercy seat, between the two cherubim that are over the ark of the Testimony; I will speak with you about all that I command you regarding the Israelites.
Here: In this passive-reflexive form the verb means 'to present oneself at an agreed place', to keep an appointment. God commits himself to a fixed meeting place, and the form points to a repeated, ongoing practice, not a single encounter.
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Exodus 29:42 אִוָּעֵ֤ד I will meet
For the generations to come, this burnt offering shall be made regularly at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting before the LORD, where I will meet you to speak with you.
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Exodus 29:43 וְנֹעַדְתִּ֥י and I will meet
I will also meet with the Israelites there, and that place will be consecrated by My glory.
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Exodus 30:6 אִוָּעֵ֥ד I will meet
Place the altar in front of the veil that is before the ark of the Testimony—before the mercy seat that is over the Testimony—where I will meet with you.
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Exodus 30:36 אִוָּעֵ֥ד I will meet
Grind some of it into fine powder and place it in front of the Testimony in the Tent of Meeting, where I will meet with you. It shall be most holy to you.
Numbers · 6
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Numbers 10:3 וְנֽוֹעֲד֤וּ and they will gather together
When both are sounded, the whole congregation is to assemble before you at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.
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Numbers 10:4 וְנוֹעֲד֤וּ and they will gather together
But if only one is sounded, then the leaders, the heads of the clans of Israel, are to gather before you.
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Numbers 14:35 הַנּוֹעָדִ֖ים which has gathered
I, the LORD, have spoken, and I will surely do these things to this entire wicked congregation, which has conspired against Me. They will meet their end in the wilderness, and there they will die.”
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Numbers 16:11 הַנֹּעָדִ֖ים [are] the [ones who] have gathered
Therefore, it is you and all your followers who have conspired against the LORD! As for Aaron, who is he that you should grumble against him?”
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Numbers 17:4 אִוָּעֵ֥ד I meet
Place the staffs in the Tent of Meeting in front of the Testimony, where I meet with you.
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Numbers 27:3 הַנּוֹעָדִ֛ים which gathered
“Our father died in the wilderness, but he was not among the followers of Korah who gathered together against the LORD. Instead, he died because of his own sin, and he had no sons.
Joshua · 1
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Joshua 11:5 וַיִּוָּ֣עֲד֔וּ and they gathered
All these kings joined forces and encamped at the waters of Merom to fight against Israel.
2 Samuel · 1
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2 Samuel 20:5 יְעָדֽוֹ׃ ס he had appointed for him
So Amasa went to summon Judah, but he took longer than the time allotted him.
1 Kings · 1
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1 Kings 8:5 הַנּוֹעָדִ֣ים who were gathered
There, before the ark, King Solomon and the whole congregation of Israel who had assembled with him sacrificed so many sheep and oxen that they could not be counted or numbered.
2 Chronicles · 1
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2 Chronicles 5:6 הַנּוֹעָדִ֥ים who were gathered
There, before the ark, King Solomon and the whole congregation of Israel who had assembled with him sacrificed so many sheep and oxen that they could not be counted or numbered.
Nehemiah · 2
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Nehemiah 6:2 וְנִֽוָּעֲדָ֥ה so let us meet
Sanballat and Geshem sent me this message: “Come, let us meet together in one of the villages on the plain of Ono.” But they were planning to harm me.
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Nehemiah 6:10 נִוָּעֵד֩ let us meet
Later, I went to the house of Shemaiah son of Delaiah, the son of Mehetabel, who was confined to his house. He said: “Let us meet at the house of God inside the temple. Let us shut the temple doors because they are coming to kill you—by night they are coming to kill you!”
Job · 2
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Job 2:11 וַיִּוָּעֲד֣וּ and they met by appointment
Now when Job’s three friends—Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite—heard about all this adversity that had come upon him, each of them came from his home, and they met together to go and sympathize with Job and comfort him.
Here: They agreed to meet at a set time and place. The visit was planned and coordinated, not a chance meeting. It comes from the same root as *moʿed*, 'appointed time/meeting'.
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Job 9:19 יוֹעִידֵֽנִי׃ will he summon me
If it is a matter of strength, He is indeed mighty! If it is a matter of justice, who can summon Him?
Here: 'Will summon me', meaning call someone to appear at an appointed time and place, as a court does. The ending '-nî' means 'me'. Most likely Job is quoting God's challenge: 'Who will summon me?'
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 48:4 נֽוֹעֲד֑וּ they assembled
For behold, the kings assembled; they all advanced together.
Jeremiah · 4
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Jeremiah 24:1 מוּעָדִ֕ים [were] set
After Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had carried away Jeconiah son of Jehoiakim king of Judah, as well as the officials of Judah and the craftsmen and metalsmiths from Jerusalem, and had brought them to Babylon, the LORD showed me two baskets of figs placed in front of the temple of the LORD.
Here: 'Set in place' or 'appointed'. The form is passive: someone has deliberately put the baskets there. The verb's root has to do with appointed places and times, and the same root gives mo'ed, the 'appointed meeting' of the tent of meeting.
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Jeremiah 47:7 יְעָדָֽהּ׃ ס he has appointed it
How can it rest when the LORD has commanded it? He has appointed it against Ashkelon and the shore of its coastland.”
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Jeremiah 49:19 יֹעִידֶ֔נִּי will he summon me
Behold, one will come up like a lion from the thickets of the Jordan to the watered pasture. For in an instant I will chase Edom from her land. Who is the chosen one I will appoint for this? For who is like Me, and who can challenge Me? What shepherd can stand against Me?”
Here: 'Who will summon me?' This is legal language: calling someone to appear in court on an appointed day. Job uses the same form of God (Job 9:19). No one can haul God into court to answer for this verdict.
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Jeremiah 50:44 יוֹעִדֶ֔נִּי will he summon me
Behold, one will come up like a lion from the thickets of the Jordan to the watered pasture. For in an instant I will chase Babylon from her land. Who is the chosen one I will appoint for this? For who is like Me, and who can challenge Me? What shepherd can stand against Me?”
Here: 'Who will summon me?': who can set God a date in court or call him to account, as one party summons another to trial. Job 9:19 uses the same phrase.
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 21:16 מֻעָדֽוֹת׃ set
Slash to the right; set your blade to the left—wherever your blade is directed.
Amos · 1
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Amos 3:3 נוֹעָֽדוּ׃ they have met by appointment
Can two walk together without agreeing where to go?
Here: 'They have arranged to meet.' This is the verb behind the 'tent of meeting' and God's promise 'there I will meet with you' (Exod 25:22). The idea is a planned meeting: they arranged it beforehand, so they did not end up together by chance. It is not about two people sharing the same opinions.
Micah · 1
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Micah 6:9 יְעָדָֽהּ׃ he appointed it
The voice of the LORD calls out to the city (and it is sound wisdom to fear Your name): “Heed the rod and the One who ordained it.
Here: 'He appointed her/it.' The verb is used for fixing a time or meeting, or for assigning someone to a task. Oddly, the suffix 'her/it' is feminine while 'rod' is masculine. It may refer to the city (feminine), to the coming punishment, or it may be a sign that the text has been damaged.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.