Hebrew word · H3738
כָּרָה
karah
to pierce
To dig: a well (Gen 26:25), a grave (Gen 50:5), and especially a pit to trap someone (Ps 7:15; 57:6; Prov 26:27; Jer 18:20, 22). A separate verb with the same letters means to bargain or to give a feast, but it is not the one used here.
Appears 14 times in 14 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) to pierce, excavate, dig through
1a) (Qal) to dig
1b) (Niphal) to be dug
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Proverbs 16:27
- Range of meaning
To dig: a well (Gen 26:25), a grave (Gen 50:5), and especially a pit to trap someone (Ps 7:15; 57:6; Prov 26:27; Jer 18:20, 22). A separate verb with the same letters means to bargain or to give a feast, but it is not the one used here.
- Against the English
BSB, NASB and KJV keep the image: 'digs up'. ESV and NIV say 'plots'. WEB says 'devises'. YLT says 'is preparing'. 'Plots' gives the sense but loses the picture of the trap-pit. 'Digs up' can make modern readers think of unearthing old dirt about someone, which is a possible secondary hearing but not the main one.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Digging a pit for someone is a stock picture of scheming against a neighbour in the Psalms and Wisdom books, often followed by the digger falling into his own pit (Ps 7:15; Prov 26:27; Eccl 10:8). The Septuagint uses oryssō, 'dig', and adds 'for himself', pointing to that boomerang effect.
From the study of Proverbs 26:27
- Range of meaning
To dig or excavate: wells (Gen 26:25), cisterns (Exod 21:33), graves (Gen 50:5), pits for trapping (Ps 7:15; 57:6; 119:85; Jer 18:20, 22). By metaphor, to 'dig up' or plot evil (Prov 16:27, 'a worthless man digs up evil'). In Ps 40:6 (Heb. 40:7) 'ears you have dug' means opened them to hear.
- Against the English
'Digs' in every version. It is accurate, but English loses that in Hebrew wisdom writing 'digging' was already a stock picture of plotting harm (Prov 16:27).
- Used elsewhere in the period
Jer 18:20, 22: 'they have dug a pit for my life' (the prophet complaining about plotters); Ps 119:85: 'the arrogant have dug pits for me'. The supplied data labels this lemma 'to pierce' (H3738B). That label comes from the word's wider range; in this verse the sense is plainly 'dig'.
- Range of meaning
To dig: wells (Genesis 26:25), cisterns (Exodus 21:33), graves (Genesis 50:5), and especially pits to trap animals or people (Psalm 7:15; 57:6; Jeremiah 18:20, 22). It is also used figuratively, as in 'ears you have dug for me' (Psalm 40:6).
- Against the English
All major versions say 'dug/digged.' The supplied lemma gloss 'to pierce' reflects a broader dictionary entry. In this verse the sense is clearly 'dig.'
- Used elsewhere in the period
The Psalms often say the wicked fall into the pit they dug for others (Psalm 7:15; 9:15; 35:7–8; 57:6; Proverbs 26:27; Ecclesiastes 10:8). The Septuagint has oryge, 'is dug'; the Vulgate has fodiatur.
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 26:25 וַיִּכְרוּ־ and they dug
So Isaac built an altar there and called on the name of the LORD, and he pitched his tent there. His servants also dug a well there.
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Genesis 50:5 כָּרִ֤יתִי I dug
my father made me swear an oath when he said, ‘I am about to die. You must bury me in the tomb that I dug for myself in the land of Canaan.’ Now let me go and bury my father, and then return.”
Exodus · 1
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Exodus 21:33 יִכְרֶ֥ה he will dig
If a man opens or digs a pit and fails to cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it,
Numbers · 1
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Numbers 21:18 כָּר֙וּהָ֙ [which] they dug it
The princes dug the well; the nobles of the people hollowed it out with their scepters and with their staffs.” From the wilderness the Israelites went on to Mattanah,
2 Chronicles · 1
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2 Chronicles 16:14 כָּֽרָה־ he had dug
And he was buried in the tomb that he had cut out for himself in the City of David. They laid him on a bier that was full of spices and various blended perfumes; then they made a great fire in his honor.
Here: "He had dug." Asa had the tomb cut into the rock while he was still alive, which was what kings and wealthy families did. Here the verb means 'dig, hew out', not 'pierce'.
Psalms · 5
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Psalm 7:15 כָּ֭רָֽה he digs
He has dug a hole and hollowed it out; he has fallen into a pit of his own making.
Here: The ordinary verb for digging a pit, well or cistern. It is in a completed form ('he dug'): the plotting is shown as already carried out, a deliberate piece of work.
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Psalm 40:6 כָּרִ֣יתָ you dug
Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, but my ears You have opened. Burnt offerings and sin offerings You did not require.
Here: Normally used for digging a well or a pit. It is a vivid, physical picture: God has dug the ears out, cleared or made the channel, so the speaker can truly hear and respond.
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Psalm 57:6 כָּר֣וּ they dug
They spread a net for my feet; my soul was despondent. They dug a pit before me, but they themselves have fallen into it! Selah
Here: 'They dug.' The word is used for digging wells, cisterns and pit traps. Here it means digging a pitfall in the ground.
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Psalm 94:13 יִכָּרֶ֖ה it will be dug
to grant him relief from days of trouble, until a pit is dug for the wicked.
Here: Passive: 'is dug' or 'will be dug.' Nobody is named as digging. The unstated digger is almost certainly God, or the moral order God upholds. The verb is used for digging wells, graves and trap pits.
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Psalm 119:85 כָּֽרוּ־ they have dug
The arrogant have dug pits for me in violation of Your law.
Proverbs · 2
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Proverbs 16:27 כֹּרֶ֣ה [is] digging up
A worthless man digs up evil, and his speech is like a scorching fire.
Here: The participle 'is digging' describes something he habitually does. The picture is of someone digging a pit to trap someone (Ps 7:15; Prov 26:27). He works hard to prepare harm for others.
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Proverbs 26:27 כֹּֽרֶה־ [one who] digs
He who digs a pit will fall into it, and he who rolls a stone will have it roll back on him.
Here: A participle, 'one who digs' or 'a pit-digger'. It describes someone whose habit is the activity, and it is joined by a hyphen-like mark to the next word, so the two read as one unit: 'pit-digger'.
Jeremiah · 2
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Jeremiah 18:20 כָר֥וּ they have dug
Should good be repaid with evil? Yet they have dug a pit for me. Remember how I stood before You to speak good on their behalf, to turn Your wrath from them.
Here: 'They have dug.' The form describes a finished act. The digging took effort and planning, so this is deliberate scheming, not a moment of anger.
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Jeremiah 18:22 כָר֤וּ they have dug
Let a cry be heard from their houses when You suddenly bring raiders against them, for they have dug a pit to capture me and have hidden snares for my feet.
Here: 'They dug', a completed action. The supplied label 'to pierce' belongs to a disputed use elsewhere (Psalm 22:16). Here the verb plainly means digging, as one digs a well or a hunting pit. It repeats v. 20 word for word.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.