Hebrew word · H3760

כַּרְמֶל

karmel

Carmel

As a common noun, karmel means 'garden-land, orchard, fertile cultivated ground'; it is used of fruitful land in Isaiah 29:17 and 32:15.

Appears 22 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

§ Carmel = "garden-land"

a town in the mountains on the west side of the Dead Sea and south of Hebron

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of 1 Samuel 25:2

Range of meaning

As a common noun, karmel means 'garden-land, orchard, fertile cultivated ground'; it is used of fruitful land in Isaiah 29:17 and 32:15. As a place name it refers to (1) Mount Carmel on the northern coast and (2) a town in the Judean hill country (Joshua 15:55), probably modern Khirbet el-Kirmil, about 12 km south-southeast of Hebron and a few kilometres from Maon.

Against the English

All English versions simply write 'Carmel', and most readers assume the famous northern mountain of Elijah. NLT's 'the town of Carmel' helps.

How it drifted

The northern Carmel is far better known (1 Kings 18), so the southern town is usually confused with it.

Used elsewhere in the period

The Judean Carmel appears in Joshua 15:55 next to Maon and Ziph. Saul set up a monument there after defeating Amalek (1 Samuel 15:12). Abigail is later called 'Abigail of Carmel' (1 Samuel 27:3; 30:5).

From the study of Amos 1:2

Range of meaning

As a common noun it means 'garden-land, fruitful orchard, plantation' (Isa 10:18; 29:17; 32:15). As a place name it is Mount Carmel, the forested ridge running to the Mediterranean at modern Haifa. Carmel was a byword for lushness and beauty (Isa 35:2, 'the majesty of Carmel and Sharon'; Song 7:5 [6]; Jer 50:19).

Against the English

All the versions say 'Carmel' or 'Mount Carmel'. Readers who do not know Carmel will not see why its withering is shocking.

Used elsewhere in the period

Carmel gets heavy winter rainfall and keeps its green through the summer. When the prophets say Carmel withers, they mean the end of all fertility (Isa 33:9; Nah 1:4, 'Bashan and Carmel wither'). It was also where Elijah confronted Baal's prophets during a drought (1 Kgs 18).

From the study of Amos 9:3

Range of meaning

A proper name for the mountain ridge on Israel's north-west coast. As an ordinary noun, karmel means 'garden-land, orchard, fertile plantation' (Isa 10:18; 29:17), probably formed from kerem, 'vineyard'. In poetry Carmel stands for lush, wooded abundance (Isa 35:2, 'the splendour of Carmel'; Song 7:5).

Against the English

English versions just transliterate the name. That is correct, but readers lose the sense that the place was famous for dense growth and hiding places, and that it stood at the very edge of the sea.

Used elsewhere in the period

Amos opens his book with 'the top of Carmel withers' (1:2), the same phrase rosh hakkarmel. Carmel is the scene of Elijah's contest with the Baal prophets (1 Kgs 18). Egyptian topographical lists of Thutmose III probably name a 'holy headland' in the region. The ridge's limestone is honeycombed with caves, some inhabited since prehistoric times.

Similar words

Where it appears

Joshua · 3
  1. Joshua 12:22 לַכַּרְמֶ֖ל of <the> Carmel

    the king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam in Carmel, one;

  2. Joshua 15:55 כַּרְמֶ֖ל Carmel

    Maon, Carmel, Ziph, Juttah,

  3. Joshua 19:26 בְּכַרְמֶל֙ <on> Carmel

    Allammelech, Amad, and Mishal. On the west the border touched Carmel and Shihor-libnath,

1 Samuel · 6
  1. 1 Samuel 15:12 הַכַּרְמֶ֙לָה֙ <the> Carmel towards

    Early in the morning Samuel got up to confront Saul, but he was told, “Saul has gone to Carmel, and behold, he has set up a monument for himself and has turned and gone down to Gilgal.”

  2. 1 Samuel 25:2 בַכַּרְמֶ֗ל בַּכַּרְמֶֽל׃ [was] in <the> Carmel, in <the> Carmel

    Now there was a man in Maon whose business was in Carmel. He was a very wealthy man with a thousand goats and three thousand sheep, which he was shearing in Carmel.

    Here: This is the Judean town of Carmel, a short distance from Maon. It is not Mount Carmel in the north. The definite article ('the Carmel') keeps the sense of the common noun karmel, 'garden-land, fertile ground'.

  3. 1 Samuel 25:5 כַרְמֶ֙לָה֙ Carmel towards

    So David sent ten young men and instructed them, “Go up to Nabal at Carmel. Greet him in my name

  4. 1 Samuel 25:7 בַּכַּרְמֶֽל׃ in <the> Carmel

    Now I hear that it is time for shearing. When your shepherds were with us, we did not harass them, and nothing of theirs was missing the whole time they were in Carmel.

  5. 1 Samuel 25:40 הַכַּרְמֶ֑לָה <the> Carmel towards

    When his servants came to Abigail at Carmel, they said, “David has sent us to take you as his wife.”

1 Kings · 3
  1. 1 Kings 18:19 הַכַּרְמֶ֑ל <the> Carmel

    Now summon all Israel to meet me on Mount Carmel, along with the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah who eat at Jezebel’s table.”

    Here: Literally 'the garden-land' or 'the orchard', a fertile, well-watered ridge on the coast at the border between Israel and Phoenicia. It is a fitting place, and a pointed one, for a contest over who gives rain.

  2. 1 Kings 18:20 הַכַּרְמֶֽל׃ <the> Carmel

    So Ahab summoned all the Israelites and assembled the prophets on Mount Carmel.

  3. 1 Kings 18:42 הַכַּרְמֶל֙ <the> Carmel

    So Ahab went up to eat and drink. But Elijah climbed to the summit of Carmel, bent down on the ground, and put his face between his knees.

2 Kings · 2
  1. 2 Kings 2:25 הַכַּרְמֶ֑ל <the> Carmel

    And Elisha went on to Mount Carmel, and from there he returned to Samaria.

  2. 2 Kings 4:25 הַכַּרְמֶ֑ל <the> Carmel

    So she set out and went to the man of God at Mount Carmel. When the man of God saw her at a distance, he said to his servant Gehazi, “Look, there is the Shunammite woman.

Song of Songs · 1
  1. Song of Songs 7:5 כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל [is] like <the> Carmel

    Your head crowns you like Mount Carmel, the hair of your head like purple threads; the king is captured in your tresses.

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 33:9 וְכַרְמֶֽל׃ and Carmel

    The land mourns and languishes; Lebanon is ashamed and decayed. Sharon is like a desert; Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.

    Here: The wooded ridge above modern Haifa. As a common noun karmel means 'garden-land' or 'orchard', so a Hebrew hearer would catch the irony: 'the Garden-land' itself is dropping its foliage.

  2. Isaiah 35:2 הַכַּרְמֶ֖ל <the> Carmel

    It will bloom profusely and rejoice with joy and singing. The glory of Lebanon will be given to it, the splendor of Carmel and Sharon. They will see the glory of the LORD, the splendor of our God.

    Here: The Carmel ridge on the coast near modern Haifa, proverbial for thick woodland and orchards. As an ordinary noun, karmel means 'garden-land, fruitful land'.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 46:18 וּכְכַרְמֶ֖ל and like Carmel

    As surely as I live, declares the King, whose name is the LORD of Hosts, there will come one who is like Tabor among the mountains and like Carmel by the sea.

    Here: 'And like Carmel.' The Carmel ridge runs out to a headland on the Mediterranean and rises steeply over the coast. It was a landmark for anyone at sea or on the coastal road.

  2. Jeremiah 50:19 הַכַּרְמֶ֖ל <the> Carmel

    I will return Israel to his pasture, and he will graze on Carmel and Bashan; his soul will be satisfied on the hills of Ephraim and Gilead.

    Here: 'The Carmel': the green ridge running to the sea near modern Haifa. The common noun karmel means 'garden-land' or 'orchard', so the name itself sounds like fertility.

Amos · 2
  1. Amos 1:2 הַכַּרְמֶֽל׃ פ <the> Carmel

    He said: “The LORD roars from Zion and raises His voice from Jerusalem; the pastures of the shepherds mourn, and the summit of Carmel withers.”

    Here: Mount Carmel, the ridge above the Mediterranean in the far north-west of Israel. It was famous for rain and lush growth, and its name means 'garden-land, orchard'. If even Carmel withers, nothing is spared.

  2. Amos 9:3 הַכַּרְמֶ֔ל <the> Carmel

    Though they hide themselves atop Carmel, there I will track them and seize them; and though they hide from Me at the bottom of the sea, there I will command the serpent to bite them.

    Here: Mount Carmel is the wooded limestone ridge that runs out into the Mediterranean. It is full of caves and thickets, which made it a natural refuge. The name is related to kerem, 'vineyard/garden-land'.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 1:4 וְכַרְמֶ֔ל and Carmel

    He rebukes the sea and dries it up; He makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither, and the flower of Lebanon wilts.

    Here: "And Carmel": the ridge running down to the Mediterranean, kept green by sea moisture. Its name also means "garden-land" or "orchard", so it stands for lush growth.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.