Hebrew word · H3978
מַאֲכָל
ma'akhal
food
Food, anything eaten: produce, meat, provisions (Gen 2:9; 6:21; Lev 19:23; Prov 6:8).
Appears 30 times in 29 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
food, fruit, meat
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Jeremiah 7:33
- Range of meaning
Food, anything eaten: produce, meat, provisions (Gen 2:9; 6:21; Lev 19:23; Prov 6:8).
- Against the English
KJV 'meat' meant food in general in 1611 (compare 'meat offering', which is a grain offering). Modern readers hear 'animal flesh'. In this verse that happens to be grimly accurate, but the KJV word did not mean it.
- How it drifted
Between the 1600s and today the English word 'meat' narrowed from 'food' to 'flesh'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The same phrase 'become food for' appears in Deut 28:26, Jer 16:4, 19:7, 34:20 and Ezek 29:5; 34:5, 8; 39:4.
Similar words
Where it appears
Genesis · 4
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Genesis 2:9 לְמַאֲכָ֑ל for food
Out of the ground the LORD God gave growth to every tree that is pleasing to the eye and good for food. And in the middle of the garden were the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
Here: 'For food.' The trees are there to feed the human. The Masoretic accent (a major pause mark) falls here and splits the verse in two: all the trees, then the two special trees.
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Genesis 3:6 לְמַאֲכָ֜ל for food
When the woman saw that the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eyes, and that it was desirable for obtaining wisdom, she took the fruit and ate it. She also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate it.
Here: Repeats word for word God's own description of the garden's trees in 2:9, 'good for food'. Her first observation is true.
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Genesis 6:21 מַֽאֲכָל֙ food
You are also to take for yourself every kind of food that is eaten and gather it as food for yourselves and for the animals.”
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Genesis 40:17 מַאֲכַ֥ל [the] food of
In the top basket were all sorts of baked goods for Pharaoh, but the birds were eating them out of the basket on my head.”
Leviticus · 1
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Leviticus 19:23 מַאֲכָ֔ל food
When you enter the land and plant any kind of tree for food, you shall regard the fruit as forbidden. For three years it will be forbidden to you and must not be eaten.
Deuteronomy · 2
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Deuteronomy 20:20 מַאֲכָל֙ food
But you may destroy the trees that you know do not produce fruit. Use them to build siege works against the city that is waging war against you, until it falls.
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Deuteronomy 28:26 לְמַאֲכָ֔ל <into> food
Your corpses will be food for all the birds of the air and beasts of the earth, with no one to scare them away.
Judges · 1
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Judges 14:14 מַאֲכָ֔ל food
So he said to them: “Out of the eater came something to eat, and out of the strong came something sweet.” For three days they were unable to explain the riddle.
1 Kings · 1
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1 Kings 10:5 וּמַאֲכַ֣ל and [the] food of
the food at his table, the seating of his servants, the service and attire of his attendants, his cupbearers, and the burnt offerings he presented at the house of the LORD, it took her breath away.
1 Chronicles · 1
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1 Chronicles 12:40 מַאֲכָ֡ל food
And their neighbors from as far away as Issachar, Zebulun, and Naphtali came bringing food on donkeys, camels, mules, and oxen—abundant supplies of flour, fig cakes and raisin cakes, wine and oil, oxen and sheep. Indeed, there was joy in Israel.
2 Chronicles · 2
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2 Chronicles 9:4 וּמַאֲכַ֣ל and [the] food of
the food at his table, the seating of his servants, the service and attire of his attendants, the attire of his cupbearers, and the burnt offerings he presented at the house of the LORD, it took her breath away.
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2 Chronicles 11:11 מַאֲכָ֖ל food
He strengthened their fortifications and put officers in them, with supplies of food, oil, and wine.
Ezra · 1
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Ezra 3:7 וּמַאֲכָ֨ל and food
They gave money to the masons and carpenters, and food and drink and oil to the people of Sidon and Tyre to bring cedar logs from Lebanon to Joppa by sea, as authorized by Cyrus king of Persia.
Nehemiah · 1
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Nehemiah 9:25 מַאֲכָ֖ל food
They captured fortified cities and fertile land and took houses full of all goods, wells already dug, vineyards, olive groves, and fruit trees in abundance. So they ate and were filled; they grew fat and delighted in Your great goodness.
Here: "Food": 'tree of food' is the Hebrew way of saying fruit-bearing tree (compare Deut 20:19–20).
Job · 1
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Job 33:20 מַאֲכַ֥ל food of
so that he detests his bread, and his soul loathes his favorite food.
Psalms · 3
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Psalm 44:11 מַאֲכָ֑ל food
You have given us up as sheep to be devoured; You have scattered us among the nations.
Here: "Food." It is bound grammatically to "flock": a food-flock, animals kept to be eaten, not to breed or for wool. The people say they have become stock for eating, used up by whoever takes them.
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Psalm 74:14 מַ֝אֲכָ֗ל food
You crushed the heads of Leviathan; You fed him to the creatures of the desert.
Here: Plain 'food, something to eat'. The terrifying monster ends up as carrion, a deliberate humiliation.
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Psalm 79:2 מַ֭אֲכָל food
They have given the corpses of Your servants as food to the birds of the air, the flesh of Your saints to the beasts of the earth.
Here: Food, something to eat. The bodies have become a meal. (KJV's 'meat' is old English for food in general.)
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 6:8 מַאֲכָלָֽהּ׃ food its
it prepares its provisions in summer; it gathers its food at harvest.
Here: 'Her food', literally 'her eating-stuff'. It comes from the root 'to eat' and pairs with 'her bread' in the first line. Together the two words cover everything she will live on.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 62:8 מַֽאֲכָל֙ food
The LORD has sworn by His right hand and by His mighty arm: “Never again will I give your grain to your enemies for food, nor will foreigners drink the new wine for which you have toiled.
Here: "[As] food". The harvest is pictured as a meal for someone else.
Jeremiah · 4
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Jeremiah 7:33 לְמַֽאֲכָ֔ל <into> food
The corpses of this people will become food for the birds of the air and the beasts of the earth, and there will be no one to scare them away.
Here: 'For food', 'as something to eat'. The construction 'to become' + 'into' something marks a change of state: the bodies of the people turn into a meal for scavengers.
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Jeremiah 16:4 לְמַאֲכָ֔ל <into> food
“They will die from deadly diseases. They will not be mourned or buried, but will lie like dung on the ground. They will be finished off by sword and famine, and their corpses will become food for the birds of the air and beasts of the earth.”
Here: 'Into food.' The bodies become a meal, which reverses the human role as the one who eats.
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Jeremiah 19:7 לְמַֽאֲכָ֔ל to food
And in this place I will ruin the plans of Judah and Jerusalem. I will make them fall by the sword before their enemies, by the hands of those who seek their lives, and I will give their carcasses as food to the birds of the air and the beasts of the earth.
Here: The corpses become fodder. Nobody buries them.
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Jeremiah 34:20 לְמַֽאֲכָ֔ל <into> food
I will deliver into the hands of their enemies who seek their lives. Their corpses will become food for the birds of the air and the beasts of the earth.
Here: "For food." This is ordinary food of any kind, not "meat" in the modern sense. The bodies become something to eat.
Ezekiel · 3
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Ezekiel 4:10 וּמַאֲכָֽלְךָ֙ and food your
You are to weigh out twenty shekels of food to eat each day, and you are to eat it at set times.
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Ezekiel 47:12 מַ֠אֲכָל לְמַֽאֲכָ֔ל food, for food
Along both banks of the river, fruit trees of all kinds will grow. Their leaves will not wither, and their fruit will not fail. Each month they will bear fruit, because the water from the sanctuary flows to them. Their fruit will be used for food and their leaves for healing.”
Here: 'Food': a 'tree of food' is a fruit tree. Genesis 2:9 uses the same word for Eden's trees, 'good for food (ma'akhal)'.
Daniel · 1
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Daniel 1:10 מַאֲכַלְכֶ֖ם food your
but he said to Daniel, “I fear my lord the king, who has assigned your food and drink. For why should he see your faces looking thinner than those of the other young men your age? You would endanger my head before the king!”
Habakkuk · 1
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Habakkuk 1:16 וּמַאֲכָל֖וֹ and food his
Therefore he sacrifices to his dragnet and burns incense to his fishing net, for by these things his portion is sumptuous and his food is rich.
Haggai · 1
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Haggai 2:12 מַאֲכָ֖ל food
If a man carries consecrated meat in the fold of his garment, and it touches bread, stew, wine, oil, or any other food, does that item become holy?’” “No,” replied the priests.
Here: "Food" in general: anything edible.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.