Hebrew word · H402

אׇכְלָה

le'okhlah

food

Food, something eaten. It is often used of what fire, beasts or birds devour (e.g., Ezek 15:4, 6, wood "for fuel" or "to be devoured" by fire; 29:5; 34:5, 8, 10; 35:12).

Appears 18 times in 18 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) food

1a) food, eating

1b) object of devouring, consuming

1b1) by wild beasts (figurative)

1b2) in fire

1b3) of judgment (figurative)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Ezekiel 23:37

Range of meaning

Food, something eaten. It is often used of what fire, beasts or birds devour (e.g., Ezek 15:4, 6, wood "for fuel" or "to be devoured" by fire; 29:5; 34:5, 8, 10; 35:12).

Against the English

"Food" (BSB, YLT) and "to be devoured" (KJV, WEB) are both legitimate. "Devour" keeps the hint of fire and predators. "Food" keeps the grim picture of a god's meal.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ezek 16:20: "you sacrificed them to them to be eaten (le'ĕḵôl)". Ancient Near Eastern sacrifice was widely thought of as feeding the deity.

From the study of Exodus 16:15

Range of meaning

Food, eating, consumption. Used both for what is eaten and, figuratively, for being consumed by fire or by enemies (e.g., Ezek 15:4; 21:37 [Eng 21:32]).

Against the English

BSB, WEB and KJV say "to eat." YLT says "for food." The meaning is the same, but "for food" keeps the form of a noun with "for" and lets a Hebrew reader hear the creation echo.

Used elsewhere in the period

Gen 1:29-30: "to you it shall be for food (leʾokhlah)… and to every beast… every green plant for food (leʾokhlah)." Also Gen 6:21 (food for the ark) and Gen 9:3 (after the flood).

From the study of Ezekiel 39:4

Range of meaning

Food, something eaten; in the phrase "for food" it means becoming prey or fuel that is consumed.

Against the English

KJV/WEB "to be devoured" makes the eating more violent; BSB/YLT "for food" keeps the plainer noun. Both are fair. "For food" keeps the link with Ezekiel's repeated phrase.

Used elsewhere in the period

A word used mainly in Genesis and Ezekiel: Gen 1:29–30; 6:21; 9:3 (food given to creatures); Ezek 15:4, 6 (the vine as fuel "for the fire to eat"); 29:5 (Pharaoh); 34:5, 8, 10 (Israel's scattered sheep "became food for every beast of the field"); 35:12 (Edom: the mountains "given to us for food").

Where it appears

Genesis · 4
  1. Genesis 1:29 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ to food

    Then God said, “Behold, I have given you every seed-bearing plant on the face of all the earth, and every tree whose fruit contains seed. They will be yours for food.

    Here: 'For eating' or 'as food.' The same phrase comes back in 9:3 when the diet is widened to include animals.

  2. Genesis 1:30 לְאָכְלָ֑ה to food

    And to every beast of the earth and every bird of the air and every creature that crawls upon the earth—everything that has the breath of life in it—I have given every green plant for food.” And it was so.

    Here: 'For food', the same word that ends the human grant in 1:29. It ties the two grants together as one act of God providing food.

  3. Genesis 6:21 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ <into> food

    You are also to take for yourself every kind of food that is eaten and gather it as food for yourselves and for the animals.”

  4. Genesis 9:3 לְאָכְלָ֑ה <into> food

    Everything that lives and moves will be food for you; just as I gave you the green plants, I now give you all things.

    Here: "For food." It is the same word and the same phrase (lakhem yihyeh leʾokhlah) used in Genesis 1:29 for the plants given to the first humans. The echo shows on purpose that the creation food grant is being revised.

Exodus · 1
  1. Exodus 16:15 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ to food

    When the Israelites saw it, they asked one another, “What is it?” For they did not know what it was. So Moses told them, “It is the bread that the LORD has given you to eat.

    Here: "As food." The same rare phrase appears at creation (Genesis 1:29-30: "to you it shall be for food"), where God assigns humans and animals their food. The echo casts the manna as food allotted by the Creator.

Leviticus · 2
  1. Leviticus 11:39 לְאָכְלָ֑ה to food

    If an animal that you may eat dies, anyone who touches the carcass will be unclean until evening.

  2. Leviticus 25:6 לְאָכְלָ֔ה to food

    Whatever the land yields during the Sabbath year shall be food for you—for yourself, your manservant and maidservant, the hired hand or foreigner who stays with you,

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 12:9 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ for food

    Is not My inheritance to Me like a speckled bird of prey with other birds of prey circling against her? Go, gather all the beasts of the field; bring them to devour her.

Ezekiel · 10
  1. Ezekiel 15:4 לְאָכְלָ֑ה for fuel

    No, it is cast into the fire for fuel. The fire devours both ends, and the middle is charred. Can it be useful for anything?

  2. Ezekiel 15:6 לְאָכְלָ֑ה for fuel

    Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Like the wood of the vine among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so I will give up the people of Jerusalem.

  3. Ezekiel 21:32 לְאָכְלָ֔ה <into> fuel

    You will be fuel for the fire. Your blood will stain your own land. You will not be remembered, for I, the LORD, have spoken.’”

  4. Ezekiel 23:37 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ to food

    For they have committed adultery, and blood is on their hands. They have committed adultery with their idols. They have even sacrificed their children, whom they bore to Me, in the fire as food for their idols.

    Here: "For food" or "to be devoured." The children became meals for the gods. The word is often used of fire consuming or of prey, so it hints at the flames without naming them.

  5. Ezekiel 29:5 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ for food

    I will leave you in the desert, you and all the fish of your streams. You will fall on the open field and will not be taken away or gathered for burial. I have given you as food to the beasts of the earth and the birds of the air.

  6. Ezekiel 34:5 לְאָכְלָ֛ה <into> food

    They were scattered for lack of a shepherd, and when they were scattered they became food for all the wild beasts.

    Here: "Into food." Ezekiel uses this word again and again for bodies or peoples handed over to be devoured (21:32; 29:5; 34:8, 10; 35:12; 39:4). The sheep are no longer a flock. They are prey.

  7. Ezekiel 34:8 לְאָכְלָ֜ה <into> food

    ‘As surely as I live, declares the Lord GOD, because My flock lacks a shepherd and has become prey and food for every wild beast, and because My shepherds did not search for My flock but fed themselves instead,

    Here: "Into food." The animals that were supposed to be fed have become food themselves. Ezekiel uses this word for bodies left to scavengers (29:5; 39:4).

  8. Ezekiel 34:10 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ ס <into> food

    This is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, I am against the shepherds, and I will demand from them My flock and remove them from tending the flock, so that they can no longer feed themselves. For I will deliver My flock from their mouths, and it will no longer be food for them.’

    Here: 'As food': the same word used in vv. 5 and 8, where the scattered flock became 'food for every wild beast'. The shepherds are put in the same class as the wild animals.

  9. Ezekiel 35:12 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ for devouring

    Then you will know that I, the LORD, have heard every contemptuous word you uttered against the mountains of Israel when you said, ‘They are desolate; they are given to us to devour!’

  10. Ezekiel 39:4 לְאָכְלָֽה׃ for food

    On the mountains of Israel you will fall—you and all your troops and the nations with you. I will give you as food to every kind of ravenous bird and wild beast.

    Here: "For food": the corpses become a meal. Ezekiel uses this exact phrase for Pharaoh's fate (29:5) and for scattered Israel, which had become "food for every wild beast" (34:5, 8). Now the invader is the meal.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.