Hebrew word · H5251

נֵס

nes

ensign

A pole or standard raised high as a signal. It was used to rally troops, start a military muster, mark a gathering point, or display an emblem. In Numbers 21:8–9 the bronze serpent is put on a nes, so the word can mean the pole itself.

Appears 21 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) something lifted up, standard, signal, signal pole, ensign, banner, sign, sail

1a) standard (as rallying point), signal

1b) standard (pole)

1c) ensign, signal

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 18:3

Range of meaning

A pole or standard raised high as a signal. It was used to rally troops, start a military muster, mark a gathering point, or display an emblem. In Numbers 21:8–9 the bronze serpent is put on a nes, so the word can mean the pole itself. By extension it means any conspicuous signal meant to be seen from far away.

Against the English

KJV and YLT have "ensign," BSB, WEB and NIV "banner," ESV "signal," NASB "standard." "Banner" and "ensign" suggest a cloth flag. The Hebrew is about the pole and the act of signaling. A flag may or may not have hung from it.

How it drifted

Older English "ensign" (a flag or standard) and modern "banner" (a fabric sign, often with words on it) both move the picture toward textiles and display. The original was a mobilization device.

Used elsewhere in the period

nes is a favorite word of Isaiah: 5:26 (YHWH raises a nes to distant nations and whistles for them, which summons Assyria), 11:10, 12, 13:2 ("on a bare hill raise a signal"), 30:17, 31:9, 49:22, 62:10. Jeremiah pairs nes and shofar for war mobilization (Jer 4:21; 51:27). Lachish Letter 4 (c. 588 BC) shows Judean officers watching for hilltop signals (fire signals, a different word, mas'at), so hilltop signaling systems really existed.

From the study of Isaiah 5:26

Range of meaning

A pole, standard or signal raised high so it can be seen from far away. It was used to gather troops, mark a meeting point, or signal an attack (Isaiah 13:2; 18:3; 30:17; Jeremiah 4:6; 51:12, 27). It can also mean simply a pole: the bronze serpent was set 'on a nes' (Numbers 21:8–9). In Exodus 17:15 Moses names an altar 'The LORD is my nes.'

Against the English

The KJV's 'ensign' was a military word in 1611. Today it suggests a junior naval officer. 'Banner' (BSB, NIV, WEB) now suggests decoration, celebration or worship flags. ESV's 'signal' and NASB's 'standard' keep the military sense better.

How it drifted

Over time 'banner' moved from battlefield gear to festive and church use. Worship language built on 'his banner over me is love' (Song 2:4, which uses a different word, degel) and 'The LORD is my Banner' (Exodus 17:15) leads readers to hear any 'banner' as God's protective sign over his people.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isaiah uses this word more than any other book. In 5:26 God raises the nes to summon enemies against Judah. Isaiah 11:10–12 and 49:22 reverse it: God raises a nes to the nations so that they bring Israel's exiles home. The Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation) uses σύσσημον, 'agreed signal', here and σημεῖον elsewhere.

From the study of Psalm 60:4

Range of meaning

A pole, standard or signal raised in a visible place: a rallying point for troops (Isa 5:26; Jer 4:6, 21), a ship's sail or flag (Isa 33:23; Ezek 27:7), the pole that held the bronze serpent (Num 21:8–9), and by extension a 'sign' or warning example (Num 26:10). In Isaiah it becomes a picture of God calling the nations or gathering the scattered exiles (Isa 11:10, 12; 49:22).

Against the English

'Banner' is a fair rendering, but modern readers may picture cloth bunting or a festive decoration. A nēs was mainly a functional military signal: a tall pole, perhaps with something attached, set on a hill so that scattered men knew where to regroup or which way to go.

How it drifted

Worship songs and teaching about 'the Lord my banner' (Exod 17:15, YHWH nissi) and 'his banner over me is love' (Song 2:4, a different word, degel) have made 'banner' sound like a celebration or love-token. In a war-lament like Psalm 60 it is a battlefield signal.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exod 17:15 (Moses' altar 'YHWH is my nēs' after the battle with Amalek); Isa 13:2 ('raise a nēs on a bare hill'); Jer 51:12, 27. The Septuagint here renders it sēmeiōsis, 'a signal', not a decorative flag. Ancient Near Eastern armies, Egyptian and Assyrian, carried standards on poles that served both as rallying points and as divine emblems.

Where it appears

Exodus · 1
  1. Exodus 17:15 נִסִּֽי׃ [is] standard my

    And Moses built an altar and named it The LORD Is My Banner.

    Here: A nēs is a pole or standard set up on high ground as a rallying point and signal. With 'my' on the end it is personal: the standard I rally to and fight under is YHWH himself. It probably plays on the staff Moses held aloft on the hill during the battle.

Numbers · 3
  1. Numbers 21:8 נֵ֑ס a standard

    Then the LORD said to Moses, “Make a fiery serpent and mount it on a pole. When anyone who is bitten looks at it, he will live.”

    Here: Not just any stick but a signal pole, the kind of raised standard used to rally people or send a signal across a distance. It is meant to be seen from all over the camp.

  2. Numbers 21:9 הַנֵּ֑ס the standard

    So Moses made a bronze snake and mounted it on a pole. If anyone who was bitten looked at the bronze snake, he would live.

    Here: A nes is a signal pole or banner raised so a crowd can see it and gather to it. Here it has the article ('the standard'), which points back to the pole God mentioned in v.8.

  3. Numbers 26:10 לְנֵֽס׃ <into> a warning sign

    And the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them along with Korah, whose followers died when the fire consumed 250 men. They serve as a warning sign.

    Here: A nes is a pole or banner put up high so everyone can see it and take its signal. The rebels' end was 'raised up' before Israel as a public warning.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 60:4 נֵּ֭ס a standard

    You have raised a banner for those who fear You, that they may flee the bow. Selah

    Here: A pole or standard raised on high ground as a signal to gather troops or people. The picture is military: the point everyone can see and run to.

Isaiah · 10
  1. Isaiah 5:26 נֵ֤ס a standard

    He lifts a banner for the distant nations and whistles for those at the ends of the earth. Behold—how speedily and swiftly they come!

    Here: A pole or flag set up on high ground as a visible signal to call troops together. Here God plants it himself, as a general calling up an army.

  2. Isaiah 11:10 לְנֵ֣ס for a standard of

    On that day the Root of Jesse will stand as a banner for the peoples. The nations will seek Him, and His place of rest will be glorious.

    Here: A signal-pole or standard raised on a height so people far off can see it and gather. The root itself becomes the rallying point.

  3. Isaiah 11:12 נֵס֙ a standard

    He will raise a banner for the nations and gather the exiles of Israel; He will collect the scattered of Judah from the four corners of the earth.

    Here: A tall pole set up on a height as a rallying signal. Verse 10 has just said the "root of Jesse" will stand as a nes for the peoples, so the signal raised here is tied to the coming Davidic king.

  4. Isaiah 13:2 נֵ֔ס a standard

    Raise a banner on a barren hilltop; call aloud to them. Wave your hand, that they may enter the gates of the nobles.

    Here: A tall pole, sometimes topped with a cloth or emblem, set on a height to call troops together. In Isaiah this is a repeated picture of God calling up an army.

  5. Isaiah 18:3 נֵ֤ס a standard

    All you people of the world and dwellers of the earth, when a banner is raised on the mountains, you will see it; when a ram’s horn sounds, you will hear it.

    Here: A tall pole set up on a height as a visual signal, sometimes carrying an emblem or cloth. Armies used it to rally troops or start a mobilization. It is a call to attention, not decoration.

  6. Isaiah 30:17 וְכַנֵּ֖ס and like <the> standard

    A thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will all flee, until you are left alone like a pole on a mountaintop, like a banner on a hill.

    Here: 'And like the standard.' This is a military signal pole raised to rally troops. Here no troops are left to rally around it.

  7. Isaiah 31:9 מִנֵּ֖ס from a standard

    Their rock will pass away for fear, and their princes will panic at the sight of the battle standard,” declares the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, whose furnace is in Jerusalem.

  8. Isaiah 33:23 נֵ֔ס [the] sail

    Your ropes are slack; they cannot secure the mast or spread the sail. Then an abundance of spoils will be divided, and even the lame will carry off plunder.

  9. Isaiah 49:22 נִסִּ֑י standard my

    This is what the Lord GOD says: “Behold, I will lift up My hand to the nations, and raise My banner to the peoples. They will bring your sons in their arms and carry your daughters on their shoulders.

    Here: God's own rallying pole, set up on a hill to call distant peoples to gather and act. Earlier in Isaiah the same signal called nations to come against Israel (5:26) and to gather Israel's scattered people (11:12).

  10. Isaiah 62:10 נֵ֖ס a standard

    Go out, go out through the gates; prepare the way for the people! Build it up, build up the highway; clear away the stones; raise a banner for the nations!

    Here: A tall pole, sometimes with a cloth or emblem on it, set up on a height as a rallying signal. In Isaiah it summons distant nations (5:26; 11:12; 49:22).

Jeremiah · 5
  1. Jeremiah 4:6 נֵ֣ס a standard

    Raise a signal flag toward Zion. Seek refuge! Do not delay! For I am bringing disaster from the north, and terrible destruction.

    Here: A visual signal raised on a pole, seen from far off across hill country. Here it tells scattered people which way to run.

  2. Jeremiah 4:21 נֵּ֑ס a standard

    How long must I see the signal flag and hear the sound of the horn?

  3. Jeremiah 50:2 נֵ֔ס a standard

    “Announce and declare to the nations; lift up a banner and proclaim it; hold nothing back when you say, ‘Babylon is captured; Bel is put to shame; Marduk is shattered, her images are disgraced, her idols are broken in pieces.’

    Here: A pole, sometimes carrying a cloth, set up on high ground as a visual signal to gather troops or announce news. Here it works as a public announcement visible far off.

  4. Jeremiah 51:12 נֵ֗ס a standard

    Raise a banner against the walls of Babylon; post the guard; station the watchmen; prepare the ambush. For the LORD has both devised and accomplished what He spoke against the people of Babylon.

    Here: A tall pole set up on a height as a rallying point and attack signal for troops. It was not mainly a cloth flag.

  5. Jeremiah 51:27 נֵ֣ס a standard

    “Raise a banner in the land! Blow the ram’s horn among the nations! Prepare the nations against her. Summon the kingdoms against her—Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz. Appoint a captain against her; bring up horses like swarming locusts.

    Here: A tall pole, perhaps with something attached, set up on a hill so scattered fighters could see where to gather. It is a visual rallying signal, not a decorative flag.

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 27:7 לְנֵ֑ס <into> a sail

    Of embroidered fine linen from Egypt they made your sail, which served as your banner. Of blue and purple from the coasts of Elishah they made your awning.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.